Exam 10: Transaction Exposure

Use the information for the following problem(s). Central Valley Transit Inc. (CVT)has just signed a contract to purchase light rail cars from a manufacturer in Germany for euro 3,000,000. The purchase was made in June with payment due six months later in December. Because this is a sizable contract for the firm and because the contract is in euros rather than dollars, CVT is considering several hedging alternatives to reduce the exchange rate risk arising from the sale. To help the firm make a hedging decision you have gathered the following information. • The spot exchange rate is $1.250/euro • The six month forward rate is $1.22/euro • CVT's cost of capital is 11% • The Euro zone 6-month borrowing rate is 9% (or 4.5% for 6 months) • The Euro zone 6-month lending rate is 7% (or 3.5% for 6 months) • The U.S. 6-month borrowing rate is 8% (or 4% for 6 months) • The U.S. 6-month lending rate is 6% (or 3% for 6 months) • December call options for euro 750,000; strike price $1.28, premium price is 1.5% • CVT's forecast for 6-month spot rates is $1.27/euro • The budget rate, or the highest acceptable purchase price for this project, is $3,900,000 or $1.30/euro -Refer to Instruction 10.2. If CVT locks in the forward hedge at $1.22/euro, and the spot rate when the transaction was recorded on the books was $1.25/euro, this will result in a "foreign exchange accounting transaction ________ of ________.

A U.S. firm sells merchandise today to a British company for £150,000. The current exchange rate is $1.55/£ , the account is payable in three months, and the firm chooses to avoid any hedging techniques designed to reduce or eliminate the risk of changes in the exchange rate. If the exchange rate changes to $1.58/£ the U.S. firm will realize a ________ of ________.

According to a survey by Bank of America, the type of foreign exchange risk most often hedged by firms is:

Losses from ________ exposure generally reduce taxable income in the year they are realized. ________ exposure losses may reduce taxes over a series of years.

Remaining unhedged is NOT an option when dealing with foreign exchange transaction exposure.

In efficient markets, interest rate parity should assure that the costs of a forward hedge and money market hedge should be approximately the same.

MNE cash flows may be sensitive to changes in which of the following?

Managers CAN outguess the market. If and when markets are in equilibrium with respect to parity conditions, the expected net present value of hedging should be POSITIVE.

The key arguments in opposition to currency hedging such as market efficiency, agency theory, and diversification do not have financial theory at their core.

Use the information for the following problem(s). Central Valley Transit Inc. (CVT)has just signed a contract to purchase light rail cars from a manufacturer in Germany for euro 3,000,000. The purchase was made in June with payment due six months later in December. Because this is a sizable contract for the firm and because the contract is in euros rather than dollars, CVT is considering several hedging alternatives to reduce the exchange rate risk arising from the sale. To help the firm make a hedging decision you have gathered the following information. • The spot exchange rate is $1.250/euro • The six month forward rate is $1.22/euro • CVT's cost of capital is 11% • The Euro zone 6-month borrowing rate is 9% (or 4.5% for 6 months) • The Euro zone 6-month lending rate is 7% (or 3.5% for 6 months) • The U.S. 6-month borrowing rate is 8% (or 4% for 6 months) • The U.S. 6-month lending rate is 6% (or 3% for 6 months) • December call options for euro 750,000; strike price $1.28, premium price is 1.5% • CVT's forecast for 6-month spot rates is $1.27/euro • The budget rate, or the highest acceptable purchase price for this project, is $3,900,000 or $1.30/euro -Refer to Instruction 10.2. CVT chooses to hedge its transaction exposure in the forward market at the available forward rate. The required amount in dollars to pay off the accounts payable in 6 months will be: