Exam 5: Learning

The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called ___________________.

A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called a(n)_____________ response.

Classical conditioning was created by ________________.

A secondary reinforcer satisfies some biological need and works naturally,regardless of a person's prior experiences,whereas,in contrast,a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer is called a primary reinforcer.

If you reinforce a behavior every time it occurs,it is called a ___________ reinforcement schedule.

Explain the concept of shaping as it relates to behavior.

____________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

In latent learning a new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.

A _________________ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

Classical conditioning focuses on the natural biological responses to the presence of a stimulus such as food,water,or pain,whereas operant conditioning applies to voluntary responses,which an organism performs deliberately to produce a desirable outcome.

A type of learning where a new behavior is learned,but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it,is called ___________ learning.

A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus is called the ___________ stimulus.

When a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus it is called stimulus ________________.

Sigmund Freud created classical conditioning while working with his female patients in Vienna.

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened,depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences,is called _______________ conditioning.

_____________ refers to a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again.

Emotional responses are likely to be learned through classical conditioning.

_____________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Celia has a boyfriend who wears a certain cologne all of the time.When Celia and her boyfriend break up and she smells that cologne on someone else,she winces at the smell.Celia is undergoing the effects of ____________ conditioning when she smells the cologne and does not like the smell.

A ______________-interval schedule is a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being set.