Exam 9: Knowledge

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture.The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category.Their results showed

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Which methodology is used to study categorization processes in very young infants?

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S.and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S.participants would answer ____ and Itza participants would answer ____.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Describe the prototype approach to categorization.Define prototype and give examples for the category of "clothing." Mention items that are high and low on prototypicality in the clothing category.Finally, describe the experiments that Rosch and her colleagues did to demonstrate the connections between prototypicality and behavior.

Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates?

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network.Describe the process of back propagation.How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

A(n)____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups.Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants.If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do)is

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

Describe the evidence from both physiological research and patient data to explain how categories are represented in the brain.