Question 1

The presence of an interaction between the gender and age of participants in a study indicates that:

Accepted Answer

A) the results of the study are accurately interpreted. 
B) age is a more important variable than gender. 
C) the results for males cannot be generalized to females. 
D) there is no relationship between age and gender. 
A) the results of the study are accurately interpreted. 
B) age is a more important variable than gender. 
C) the results for males cannot be generalized to females. 
D) there is no relationship between age and gender.

Question 2

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

Accepted Answer

A) replications 
B) statistical interactions 
C) meta-analysis 
D) interactions 
A) replications 
B) statistical interactions 
C) meta-analysis 
D) interactions

Question 3

How would a study aimed at examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases demonstrate external validity?

Accepted Answer

A) Sampling only students enrolled at colleges that have not raised tuition 
B) Lowering tuition for one semester and raising tuition the next semester 
C) Focusing on the difference in attitudes between students who have experienced tuition increases and students who have not 
D) Showing that the results apply to college students from other universities 
A) Sampling only students enrolled at colleges that have not raised tuition 
B) Lowering tuition for one semester and raising tuition the next semester 
C) Focusing on the difference in attitudes between students who have experienced tuition increases and students who have not 
D) Showing that the results apply to college students from other universities

Question 4

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings?

Accepted Answer

A) Literature reviews and meta-analyses 
B) Conceptual and exact replications 
C) Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs 
D) One-tailed tests and structural equation models 
A) Literature reviews and meta-analyses 
B) Conceptual and exact replications 
C) Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs 
D) One-tailed tests and structural equation models

Question 5

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct about the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

Accepted Answer

A) Both tend to produce the same results. 
B) The effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar in the two types of studies. 
C) Laboratory and field experiments should be considered in isolation. 
D) The results tend to be complementary rather than contradictory. 
A) Both tend to produce the same results. 
B) The effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar in the two types of studies. 
C) Laboratory and field experiments should be considered in isolation. 
D) The results tend to be complementary rather than contradictory.

Question 6

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

Accepted Answer

A) They allow statistical conclusions and identify trends in the literature. 
B) They take into consideration the fact that prior findings are a prerequisite for conceptual replications to occur. 
C) They allow researchers to precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. 
D) They use complex variables that can be operationalized in different ways. 
A) They allow statistical conclusions and identify trends in the literature. 
B) They take into consideration the fact that prior findings are a prerequisite for conceptual replications to occur. 
C) They allow researchers to precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. 
D) They use complex variables that can be operationalized in different ways.

Question 7

When findings are replicated using _____, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings _____.

Accepted Answer

A) college students; decreases 
B) statistical interactions; increases 
C) pretests; decreases 
D) multiple methods; increases 
A) college students; decreases 
B) statistical interactions; increases 
C) pretests; decreases 
D) multiple methods; increases

Question 8

Elaine has read a number of studies on the effect of physical attractiveness on the judgment of an individual's personality characteristics. She then writes a paper in which she categorizes the findings and draws conclusions based on her summaries of the studies. Elaine has most likely conducted a _____.

Accepted Answer

A) categorization analysis 
B) meta-analysis 
C) literature review 
D) meta-categorization 
A) categorization analysis 
B) meta-analysis 
C) literature review 
D) meta-categorization

Question 9

Identify the type of replication that plays an important part in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) Constructive replication 
B) Conceptual replication 
C) Exact replication 
D) Procedural replication 
A) Constructive replication 
B) Conceptual replication 
C) Exact replication 
D) Procedural replication

Question 10

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

Accepted Answer

A) In a meta-analysis, a reviewer writes a paper that summarizes and evaluates the literature. 
B) Researchers traditionally draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings by conducting a meta-analysis. 
C) Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies. 
D) The conclusions in a meta-analysis are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer. 
A) In a meta-analysis, a reviewer writes a paper that summarizes and evaluates the literature. 
B) Researchers traditionally draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings by conducting a meta-analysis. 
C) Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies. 
D) The conclusions in a meta-analysis are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer.

Question 11

According to the American Psychological Association, a literature review does all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) summarizing what has been found. 
B) informing the reader about the findings that are strongly supported. 
C) pointing out inconsistent findings. 
D) analyzing data from several reported studies. 
A) summarizing what has been found. 
B) informing the reader about the findings that are strongly supported. 
C) pointing out inconsistent findings. 
D) analyzing data from several reported studies.

Question 12

Which of the following statements accurately describes literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A) A narrative review allows statistical, quantitative conclusions, whereas a meta-analysis provides directions for future study. 
B) Unlike a traditional literature review, a meta-analysis begins with a body of previous research on a topic. 
C) Both narrative reviews and meta-analyses provide valuable information and are, in fact, often complementary. 
D) Without conducting a meta-analysis, a background in meta-analysis alone is not beneficial when reviewing research findings. 
A) A narrative review allows statistical, quantitative conclusions, whereas a meta-analysis provides directions for future study. 
B) Unlike a traditional literature review, a meta-analysis begins with a body of previous research on a topic. 
C) Both narrative reviews and meta-analyses provide valuable information and are, in fact, often complementary. 
D) Without conducting a meta-analysis, a background in meta-analysis alone is not beneficial when reviewing research findings.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about research conducted with nonhuman animals is true?

Accepted Answer

A) More than 50 percent of psychological research is conducted with nonhuman animals. 
B) The studies conducted on nonhumans are not of much value because the research does not apply to human biological or behavioral patterns. 
C) The applications of research conducted with nonhuman animals include sexual behavior, choice behavior, and drug addictions. 
D) Most research with other species is not focused on gathering information that may help with the survival of endangered species. 
A) More than 50 percent of psychological research is conducted with nonhuman animals. 
B) The studies conducted on nonhumans are not of much value because the research does not apply to human biological or behavioral patterns. 
C) The applications of research conducted with nonhuman animals include sexual behavior, choice behavior, and drug addictions. 
D) Most research with other species is not focused on gathering information that may help with the survival of endangered species.

Question 14

Which of the following is a fact about replications?

Accepted Answer

A) There are two types of replications to consider-descriptive and inferential replications. 
B) Replication is a way of evaluating the external validity of research studies. 
C) A single failure to replicate is sufficient to conclude that the previous research is invalid. 
D) Scientific societies are encouraging systematic replications of important scientific findings. 
A) There are two types of replications to consider-descriptive and inferential replications. 
B) Replication is a way of evaluating the external validity of research studies. 
C) A single failure to replicate is sufficient to conclude that the previous research is invalid. 
D) Scientific societies are encouraging systematic replications of important scientific findings.

Question 15

_____ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study.

Accepted Answer

A) Renormalization 
B) Randomization 
C) Revaluation 
D) Replication 
A) Renormalization 
B) Randomization 
C) Revaluation 
D) Replication

Question 16

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors, Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift. In this case, what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

Accepted Answer

A) Using a larger sample of officers working in the day shift 
B) Randomly assigning officers to work under specific supervisors 
C) Surveying officers from all shifts in the department 
D) Using confounding variables 
A) Using a larger sample of officers working in the day shift 
B) Randomly assigning officers to work under specific supervisors 
C) Surveying officers from all shifts in the department 
D) Using confounding variables

Question 17

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Accepted Answer

A) exact replications 
B) statistical interactions 
C) conceptual replications 
D) effect sizes 
A) exact replications 
B) statistical interactions 
C) conceptual replications 
D) effect sizes

Question 18

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics. In this case, volunteers of online surveys are likely to:

Accepted Answer

A) be college educated. 
B) have a lower income. 
C) live in rural areas. 
D) be older adults. 
A) be college educated. 
B) have a lower income. 
C) live in rural areas. 
D) be older adults.

Question 19

What are the two types of replications?

Accepted Answer

A) Procedural and exact replications 
B) Conceptual and strategic replications 
C) Exact and conceptual replications 
D) Strategic and procedural replications 
A) Procedural and exact replications 
B) Conceptual and strategic replications 
C) Exact and conceptual replications 
D) Strategic and procedural replications

Question 20

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations, the study is said to have _____ validity.

Accepted Answer

A) statistical 
B) internal 
C) external 
D) construct 
A) statistical 
B) internal 
C) external 
D) construct

The presence of an interaction between the gender and age of participants in a study indicates that:

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

How would a study aimed at examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases demonstrate external validity?

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings?

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct about the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

When findings are replicated using _, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings _.

Identify the type of replication that plays an important part in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

According to the American Psychological Association, a literature review does all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following statements accurately describes literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Which of the following statements about research conducted with nonhuman animals is true?

Which of the following is a fact about replications?

_____ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study.

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors, Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift. In this case, what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics. In this case, volunteers of online surveys are likely to:

What are the two types of replications?

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations, the study is said to have _____ validity.

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Filters

Exam 14: Generalization

The presence of an interaction between the gender and age of participants in a study indicates that:

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

How would a study aimed at examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases demonstrate external validity?

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings?

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct about the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

When findings are replicated using _____, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings _____.

Identify the type of replication that plays an important part in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

According to the American Psychological Association, a literature review does all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following statements accurately describes literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Which of the following statements about research conducted with nonhuman animals is true?

Which of the following is a fact about replications?

_____ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study.

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors, Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift. In this case, what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics. In this case, volunteers of online surveys are likely to:

What are the two types of replications?

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations, the study is said to have _____ validity.

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Filters

When findings are replicated using _, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings _.