Exam 3: When the Policy Becomes the Problem

_______________ are discussions that are facilitated and bring the victim, the victim's family, the offender, and the juvenile offender's family together to discuss the impact of a crime committed by the juvenile so that the group can decide how the juvenile is to be held accountable.

_______________ is a type of reconciliation in which the offender and the victim meet in a supervised setting to determine how the offender can make restitution directly to the victim through the performance of some type of service.

According to Latimer, Dowden, and Muise, their research results indicated that _______________.

_______________ is a process by which offenders are held partially or fully accountable for the financial losses suffered by the victims of their crimes.It is typically ordered for property crimes or crimes where something of value was stolen or procured, such as with fraud, forgery, or theft.These types of payments may also be used to reimburse victims of violent crime for expenses related to their physical and mental health recovery.

According to Martha Henderson Hurley, while definitions of restorative justice vary, certain common themes are associated with restorative practices:

_______________ theory holds that when individuals are labeled as criminals they will become stabilized in those roles, developing criminal identities that separate them from the mainstream population and exclude them from conventional roles.

According to your textbook authors, Hanser has provided (a) specific recommendation(s) that is/are expected to improve public safety, offender reintegration, and the plight of the victim.His recommendation(s) is/are as follows:

Restorative justice approaches to offender sanctioning seek to restore the ______________ to a similar level of functioning that existed prior to the commission of the criminal act.

According to Martha Henderson Hurley, the sheer size of the victim population in the United States requires some recognition of the role of victims.In 2005, U.S.residents age 12 and older were the victims of more than _______________ crimes, with at least 5.2 million of those offenses being violent in nature.

_______________ seeks to restore the victim and the community to its state of functioning prior to the criminal act, often involving numerous persons in the community in the reintegration of offenders and holding them accountable for their behavior.By bringing together victims, offenders, families, and other key stakeholders in a variety of settings, restorative justice helps offenders understand the implications of their actions and provides an opportunity for them to become reconnected to the community.

According to Martha Henderson Hurley, victim wraparound programs are designed to extend the level of acknowledgment and responsibility of the offenders.Results of her study reveal that these programs are most effective with offenders serving long terms of incarceration. One explanation for this finding is that these offenders potentially have _______________, making the transition back into their community more difficult.

The notion behind the premise of _______________ is that stigmatizing an offender is counterproductive to the reintegration process.The more stigmatizing the offense, the more likely the offender is to reoffend.

_______________ is an approach to law enforcement that uses problem-solving strategies that involve community participants in the process.Community meetings, advisory boards, and other committee-based forms of civilian input are sought by both the police and the community supervision agency.This approach seeks to encourage a sense of community involvement in an effort to build a rapport with the community.

According to Latimer, Dowden, and Muise, the fundamental premise of the restorative justice paradigm is that _______________.The most appropriate response to criminal behavior, therefore, is to repair the harm caused by the wrongful act.

_______________ calls for the improvement and upkeep of communities that are not well kept and/or maintained.Such communities convey a sense of chaos and disorganization, and this opens the door to problematic populations that thrive in such conditions.This thesis contends that neighborhood citizens can reduce crime, including recidivism, by improving the physical and structural elements of their community.

_______________ is simply a term that involves improvements of the community structure and landscape to deter the likelihood of criminal offending in that given area.

_______________ is work performed by an offender for the benefit of the community as a component of the offender's sentence.It is one means by which the offender is held accountable and required to provide amends for the harm caused by his or her criminal conduct.

_______________ refers to a sense of cohesion within a given community whereby citizens have close and interlocking relationships with one another.These relationships tend to cement the community together-psychologically, sociologically, and perhaps even spiritually.

The primary goal of _______________ is to hold young offenders accountable for their behavior while requiring reparation for the harm inflicted against the victim and the community. The basic theory behind the use of young people in court is that youths will respond better to prosocial peers than to adult authority figures.

Restorative justice considers the victims, communities, and offenders (in that order) as participants in the justice process.These participants are placed in active roles to work together to do the following: