Exam 25: Pediatric Surgery

Much like the adult population,many traditional "open" pediatric surgical procedures are being replaced by minimally invasive surgery (MIS)procedures.Because the field of pediatric MIS is relatively new,surgeons are at an advantage because they are able to combine virtual reality techniques and robotics with the most current technology and instrumentation.Select all of the MIS procedures commonly performed in pediatric patients.

Any misalignment of the eyes is called strabismus.The goal for treatment of strabismus is to straighten the eyes so that binocular vision functions appropriately.Surgery may be recommended to change the alignment of the eyes relative to each other by:

The immature blood-brain barrier and decreased protein binding in infants increase their sensitivity to which group of drugs?

An orchiopexy is the surgical placement and fixation of the testicle in a normal anatomic position in the scrotal sac.If the testis fails to descend into the scrotum during gestation,it is considered undescended.Which statement regarding indications for orchiopexy is true?

A child's comprehension of,and responses to,the environment are based on his or her developmental age.The works of Drs.Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson provide excellent guidelines for assessing the pediatric patient's developmental level in order to use appropriate interventions.The infant develops the belief that the world can be counted on to meet basic needs through the trust vs.mistrust concept based on the stages of psychosocial and emotional needs.This theoretical framework of stages was described by __,while the stages based on changes in cognition and ability to think were described by _.