Exam 12: Chinese, Asian Indian, Korean, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Middle Eastern Arab Americans

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In Chapter 12, the major Asian ethnic groups discussed are Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino immigrants. In terms of numbers of men to women in the early years of immigration, Chinese immigrants initially had a significantly higher ratio of men to women, as they were primarily laborers who came to the United States to work on the railroads and in mines. Japanese immigrants also had a higher ratio of men to women in the early years, as many of the first immigrants were young men seeking economic opportunities. Filipino immigrants, on the other hand, had a more balanced gender ratio, as many were recruited as laborers and were able to bring their families with them.

In terms of global circumstances that worked in their favor as immigrants, Chinese immigrants initially benefited from the California Gold Rush and the demand for labor in the western United States. However, they also faced significant hostility and discrimination, particularly with the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Japanese immigrants initially found work in agriculture and on plantations in Hawaii, and later in the mainland United States, but also faced discrimination and restrictive immigration policies. Filipino immigrants were recruited to work in agriculture, particularly in California, and also faced discrimination and anti-immigrant sentiment.

Hostility from U.S. natives was a common experience for all three groups. Chinese immigrants faced violent attacks and discriminatory laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Geary Act, which required them to carry identification papers at all times. Japanese immigrants also faced discrimination and were subject to restrictive immigration policies, culminating in the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Filipino immigrants faced hostility and discrimination, particularly in California, where they were subject to anti-miscegenation laws and discriminatory labor practices.

Overall, while each of these Asian ethnic groups faced different challenges and circumstances in their early years of immigration to the United States, they all experienced significant hostility and discrimination from U.S. natives.