Exam 42: Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Freshwater fish dilute ammonia and excrete it in a watery urine.Both freshwater and saltwater fish get rid of ammonia through diffusion across the gills.Humans convert ammonia to urea and excrete it in the urine.Birds convert ammonia to uric acid and excrete it.Why is it important for birds to get rid of ammonia?

Insects maintain water and electrolyte balance through which anatomical structures?

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex.This is an important feature of osmregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because

Which of the following is an example of osmoregulation?

Sharks live in seawater.Their tissues are isotonic to seawater,but their concentrations of sodium ions,potassium ions,and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes.How is that possible?

Water loss from insect surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater.The fish then migrate to the ocean (a hypertonic solution)and,after several years of feeding and growing,return to freshwater to breed.How can these organisms make the transition from freshwater to ocean water and back to freshwater?

There are microvilli on the luminal (apical)surface of the epithelium that lines the lumen of the proximal tubule.Microvilli are structural features designed to

Marine vertebrates live in a(n)________ environment.

What is the organ responsible for regulating water and electrolyte balance in terrestrial vertebrates?

The functional unit of the kidney is

Which of the following is an example of equilibrium?

The filtrate formed in the renal corpuscle is analogous to the ________ formed in Malpighian tubules.

Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?

Malpighian tubules form pre-urine,which is further processed by which of the following anatomical structures?

In flour beetles and desert locusts,how is water conserved?

What role do chloride cells play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?

Proper functioning of body cells and processes requires solute concentrations to be maintained within a narrow range.Which of the following solutes would be absorbed by the proximal tubule of the kidney nephron?

The force driving simple diffusion is

Which of the following are soluble compounds that contribute to intracellular osmolarity in shark tissues?