Question 1

Why was it necessary to modify the standard sequence assembly algorithms when analyzing DNAs from many different pooled species?

Accepted Answer

A) Sequencing techniques had improved sufficiently that obtaining accurate repetitive sequences was no longer a technical challenge. 
B) Sequence-read lengths of repetitive DNA had increased sufficiently by the time of the Venter et al.work that they were almost as long as the sequences from nonrepetitive DNA. 
C) DNAs from abundant organisms would occur frequently in the sample,making them look like repetitive DNAs. 
D) DNAs from the largest organisms would occur infrequently in the sample,making them look like repetitive DNA. 
A) Sequencing techniques had improved sufficiently that obtaining accurate repetitive sequences was no longer a technical challenge. 
B) Sequence-read lengths of repetitive DNA had increased sufficiently by the time of the Venter et al.work that they were almost as long as the sequences from nonrepetitive DNA. 
C) DNAs from abundant organisms would occur frequently in the sample,making them look like repetitive DNAs. 
D) DNAs from the largest organisms would occur infrequently in the sample,making them look like repetitive DNA.

Question 2

What is the main goal of obtaining a detailed human haplotype map?

Accepted Answer

A) to develop more effective vaccines 
B) to locate introns 
C) to locate regulatory elements 
D) to locate genes associated with disease 
E) to locate virulence genes 
A) to develop more effective vaccines 
B) to locate introns 
C) to locate regulatory elements 
D) to locate genes associated with disease 
E) to locate virulence genes

Question 3

In what sense are studies by 19th-century naturalists and those by early 21st-century genomic biologists similar?

Accepted Answer

A) Both focus narrowly on the underlying mechanisms of biology. 
B) Both use evolutionary theory to guide their work. 
C) Both take a reductionist approach by studying only one small part of a complex system. 
D) Both focus on observing and describing what exists in their realms of investigation. 
E) Both constantly strive to create theoretical frameworks in which to understand their findings. 
A) Both focus narrowly on the underlying mechanisms of biology. 
B) Both use evolutionary theory to guide their work. 
C) Both take a reductionist approach by studying only one small part of a complex system. 
D) Both focus on observing and describing what exists in their realms of investigation. 
E) Both constantly strive to create theoretical frameworks in which to understand their findings.

Question 4

In eukaryotes,the major mechanism of introducing new genes into the genome is

Accepted Answer

A) duplication and divergence. 
B) lateral gene transfer. 
C) pseudogene creation. 
D) pseudogene restoration. 
E) unequal crossing over at microsatellite repeats. 
A) duplication and divergence. 
B) lateral gene transfer. 
C) pseudogene creation. 
D) pseudogene restoration. 
E) unequal crossing over at microsatellite repeats.

Question 5

A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share most of their nucleotide sequence yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence differences alter

Accepted Answer

A) structural genes. 
B) the number of repeated sequences. 
C) regulatory sequences and proteins. 
D) environmental factors. 
E) cultural factors. 
A) structural genes. 
B) the number of repeated sequences. 
C) regulatory sequences and proteins. 
D) environmental factors. 
E) cultural factors.

Question 6

An early step in shotgun sequencing is to

Accepted Answer

A) break genomic DNA at random sites. 
B) map the position of cloned DNA fragments. 
C) randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing. 
A) break genomic DNA at random sites. 
B) map the position of cloned DNA fragments. 
C) randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing.

Question 7

Which of the following makes it difficult to identify eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

A) the presence of many introns 
B) the large amount of DNA that does not code for proteins 
C) the lack of homology between eukaryotic genes 
D) A and B only 
E) all of the above 
A) the presence of many introns 
B) the large amount of DNA that does not code for proteins 
C) the lack of homology between eukaryotic genes 
D) A and B only 
E) all of the above

Question 8

Why would any sequence assembly program be written so as to ignore repeated sequences?

Accepted Answer

A) These sequences are too unreliable to consider. 
B) These sequences are too hard to obtain to justify the effort. 
C) These sequences are too short to be useful for assembly. 
D) These sequences are difficult to place within an assembly. 
A) These sequences are too unreliable to consider. 
B) These sequences are too hard to obtain to justify the effort. 
C) These sequences are too short to be useful for assembly. 
D) These sequences are difficult to place within an assembly.

Question 9

Homologous DNA sequences are similar sequences in two organisms that

Accepted Answer

A) are related by descent from a common ancestor. 
B) are related because of convergent evolution. 
C) are related by chance mutations. 
D) code for identical proteins. 
E) code for identical RNAs. 
A) are related by descent from a common ancestor. 
B) are related because of convergent evolution. 
C) are related by chance mutations. 
D) code for identical proteins. 
E) code for identical RNAs.

Question 10

If the sequence of a cDNA matches a DNA sequence in the genome,then this genomic DNA is likely to

Accepted Answer

A) code for a protein. 
B) code for a tRNA. 
C) code for an rRNA. 
D) be part of an intron. 
E) be a regulatory sequence. 
A) code for a protein. 
B) code for a tRNA. 
C) code for an rRNA. 
D) be part of an intron. 
E) be a regulatory sequence.

Question 11

A DNA microarray is a tool that owes its existence to earlier genomics investigations.What essential contribution of genomics makes microarrays possible?

Accepted Answer

A) recently improved RNA sequencing technologies 
B) continuously improving methods of gene cloning 
C) more efficient techniques for cDNA synthesis 
D) knowledge of which DNA sequences to synthesize for the array 
E) The concept that hybridization between single-stranded nucleic acids can be used as a means of identifying any DNA sequence. 
A) recently improved RNA sequencing technologies 
B) continuously improving methods of gene cloning 
C) more efficient techniques for cDNA synthesis 
D) knowledge of which DNA sequences to synthesize for the array 
E) The concept that hybridization between single-stranded nucleic acids can be used as a means of identifying any DNA sequence.

Question 12

LINES transposable elements are closely related to

Accepted Answer

A) plasmids. 
B) retroviruses. 
C) poliovirus. 
D) restriction enzymes. 
E) DNA polymerase. 
A) plasmids. 
B) retroviruses. 
C) poliovirus. 
D) restriction enzymes. 
E) DNA polymerase.

Question 13

Because DNAs for sequencing were chosen at random with no way of knowing which organism they came from,how could genes be identified?

Accepted Answer

A) by searching for ORFs,especially those with translation start and stop sites 
B) by searching for similarity between predicted ORFs and those in existing databases 
C) by searching for exons bounded by consensus donor and acceptor splice sites (those that mark exon/intron boundaries) 
D) A and B only 
E) all of the above 
A) by searching for ORFs,especially those with translation start and stop sites 
B) by searching for similarity between predicted ORFs and those in existing databases 
C) by searching for exons bounded by consensus donor and acceptor splice sites (those that mark exon/intron boundaries) 
D) A and B only 
E) all of the above

Question 14

The features that are mapped in the HapMap Project are

Accepted Answer

A) restriction enzyme recognition sites. 
B) promoters. 
C) enhancers. 
D) single-nucleotide differences. 
E) STS repeat differences. 
A) restriction enzyme recognition sites. 
B) promoters. 
C) enhancers. 
D) single-nucleotide differences. 
E) STS repeat differences.

Question 15

When comparing the genome sizes of a bacterial parasite versus a free-living,nonparasitic bacterium,one expects to find that

Accepted Answer

A) the proportion of G-C base pairs will be significantly higher in the parasite. 
B) the proportion of G-C base pairs will be significantly lower in the parasite. 
C) there will be a higher proportion of genes of unknown function in the parasite. 
D) the parasite will have acquired a smaller proportion of its genes through lateral gene transfer. 
E) the parasite will have a smaller genome. 
A) the proportion of G-C base pairs will be significantly higher in the parasite. 
B) the proportion of G-C base pairs will be significantly lower in the parasite. 
C) there will be a higher proportion of genes of unknown function in the parasite. 
D) the parasite will have acquired a smaller proportion of its genes through lateral gene transfer. 
E) the parasite will have a smaller genome.

Question 16

The mechanism for the spread of LINES involves some unusual features,including

Accepted Answer

A) translation in the cytoplasm of an mRNA that was synthesized in the nucleus. 
B) the nuclear localization of RNA polymerase. 
C) the transport of mRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 
D) the use of an enzyme that cuts DNA. 
E) the use of RNA polymerase to transcribe an mRNA. 
A) translation in the cytoplasm of an mRNA that was synthesized in the nucleus. 
B) the nuclear localization of RNA polymerase. 
C) the transport of mRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 
D) the use of an enzyme that cuts DNA. 
E) the use of RNA polymerase to transcribe an mRNA.

Question 17

Forensic DNA fingerprinting often involves recovery of minute quantities of DNA from a crime scene.What is a concern in analyzing this DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) There is seldom enough DNA to allow PCR amplification. 
B) Even with these tiny amounts of DNA,there may be too much DNA for efficient PCR. 
C) Suspects may not agree to provide a sample of their DNA. 
D) It is critical to avoid the introduction of contaminating human DNA unrelated to the crime. 
E) Restriction enzymes may not work efficiently on the PCR-amplified DNA. 
A) There is seldom enough DNA to allow PCR amplification. 
B) Even with these tiny amounts of DNA,there may be too much DNA for efficient PCR. 
C) Suspects may not agree to provide a sample of their DNA. 
D) It is critical to avoid the introduction of contaminating human DNA unrelated to the crime. 
E) Restriction enzymes may not work efficiently on the PCR-amplified DNA.

Question 18

Comparisons between bacterial pathogens and related nonpathogenic strains have revealed

Accepted Answer

A) additional genes in the pathogen that are associated with virulence. 
B) a reduced numbers of genes in the pathogen that force it to adopt a parasitic lifestyle. 
C) additional genes in the pathogen that free it from a parasitic lifestyle. 
D) loss of genes in the pathogen that normally allow detection by the host's immune system. 
A) additional genes in the pathogen that are associated with virulence. 
B) a reduced numbers of genes in the pathogen that force it to adopt a parasitic lifestyle. 
C) additional genes in the pathogen that free it from a parasitic lifestyle. 
D) loss of genes in the pathogen that normally allow detection by the host's immune system.

Question 19

Mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from genes duplication may create

Accepted Answer

A) a pseudogene. 
B) a gene with a new function. 
C) a gene family with two distinct but related members. 
D) A and B only. 
E) all of the above. 
A) a pseudogene. 
B) a gene with a new function. 
C) a gene family with two distinct but related members. 
D) A and B only. 
E) all of the above.

Question 20

Imagine that you've sequenced the genome of a human pathogenic bacterium.In the early stages of analysis,you discover a stretch of DNA that has a significantly different GC content (the proportion of bases that are G and

Accepted Answer

A) convergent evolution. 
B) that the DNA sequence analysis is in error. 
C) a high rate of mutation. 
D) a low rate of mutation. 
E) lateral gene transfer. 
A) convergent evolution. 
B) that the DNA sequence analysis is in error. 
C) a high rate of mutation. 
D) a low rate of mutation. 
E) lateral gene transfer.

Exam 20: Genomics

Why was it necessary to modify the standard sequence assembly algorithms when analyzing DNAs from many different pooled species?

What is the main goal of obtaining a detailed human haplotype map?

In what sense are studies by 19th-century naturalists and those by early 21st-century genomic biologists similar?

In eukaryotes,the major mechanism of introducing new genes into the genome is

A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share most of their nucleotide sequence yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence differences alter

An early step in shotgun sequencing is to

Which of the following makes it difficult to identify eukaryotic genes?

Why would any sequence assembly program be written so as to ignore repeated sequences?

Homologous DNA sequences are similar sequences in two organisms that

If the sequence of a cDNA matches a DNA sequence in the genome,then this genomic DNA is likely to

A DNA microarray is a tool that owes its existence to earlier genomics investigations.What essential contribution of genomics makes microarrays possible?

LINES transposable elements are closely related to

Because DNAs for sequencing were chosen at random with no way of knowing which organism they came from,how could genes be identified?

The features that are mapped in the HapMap Project are

When comparing the genome sizes of a bacterial parasite versus a free-living,nonparasitic bacterium,one expects to find that

The mechanism for the spread of LINES involves some unusual features,including

Forensic DNA fingerprinting often involves recovery of minute quantities of DNA from a crime scene.What is a concern in analyzing this DNA?

Comparisons between bacterial pathogens and related nonpathogenic strains have revealed

Mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from genes duplication may create

Imagine that you've sequenced the genome of a human pathogenic bacterium.In the early stages of analysis,you discover a stretch of DNA that has a significantly different GC content (the proportion of bases that are G and

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Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

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Mendel and the Gene

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Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

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