Question 1

Which of the following findings violated the central dogma?

Accepted Answer

A) the discovery of RNA viruses that synthesize DNA using reverse transcriptase 
B) he discovery that the Archaea and Bacteria are more distantly related than Achaea and Eukarya 
C) the discovery of ribozymes 
D) the discovery of DNA as the unit of genetic inheritance 
A) the discovery of RNA viruses that synthesize DNA using reverse transcriptase 
B) he discovery that the Archaea and Bacteria are more distantly related than Achaea and Eukarya 
C) the discovery of ribozymes 
D) the discovery of DNA as the unit of genetic inheritance

Question 2

The statement,DNA → RNA → Proteins,

Accepted Answer

A) has become known as the central dogma. 
B) depicts the regulation of gene expression. 
C) is reversible in most living organisms. 
D) describes a series of catalytic reactions. 
A) has become known as the central dogma. 
B) depicts the regulation of gene expression. 
C) is reversible in most living organisms. 
D) describes a series of catalytic reactions.

Question 3

For a hypothetical gene,how do the terms dominance and recessive relate to gene expression and how genes work?

Accepted Answer

A) The allele with the dominant phenotype inhibits transcription of the allele for the recessive phenotype. 
B) Both alleles get expressed,but the product of the allele with the dominant phenotype masks the phenotype of the recessive allele. 
C) A dominant phenotype results in the expression of the most beneficial genes resulting in increased chances of survival of the organism. 
A) The allele with the dominant phenotype inhibits transcription of the allele for the recessive phenotype. 
B) Both alleles get expressed,but the product of the allele with the dominant phenotype masks the phenotype of the recessive allele. 
C) A dominant phenotype results in the expression of the most beneficial genes resulting in increased chances of survival of the organism.

Question 4

How might a single base substitution in the sequence of a gene affect the amino acid sequence of a protein encoded by the gene,and why?

Accepted Answer

A) Only a single amino acid could change,because the reading frame is unaffected. 
B) The amino acid sequence would be substantially altered,because the reading frame would change with a single base substitution. 
C) All amino acids following the substitution would be affected,because the reading frame would be shifted. 
D) It is not possible for a single base substitution to affect protein structure,because each codon is three bases long. 
A) Only a single amino acid could change,because the reading frame is unaffected. 
B) The amino acid sequence would be substantially altered,because the reading frame would change with a single base substitution. 
C) All amino acids following the substitution would be affected,because the reading frame would be shifted. 
D) It is not possible for a single base substitution to affect protein structure,because each codon is three bases long.

Question 5

What molecule serves as a link between the information-containing macromolecule,DNA,and protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A) rRNA 
B) tRNA 
C) mRNA 
D) snRNA 
A) rRNA 
B) tRNA 
C) mRNA 
D) snRNA

Question 6

What is a codon?

Accepted Answer

A) the base sequence of the tRNA that brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome where protein synthesis will take place 
B) the amino acetyl tRNA synthase that ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the right tRNA 
C) the three-base sequence of mRNA that specifies the addition of a specific amino acid 
D) the complementarity of DNA and RNA 
A) the base sequence of the tRNA that brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome where protein synthesis will take place 
B) the amino acetyl tRNA synthase that ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the right tRNA 
C) the three-base sequence of mRNA that specifies the addition of a specific amino acid 
D) the complementarity of DNA and RNA

Question 7

Codons,the three base sequences that code for specific amino acids,are part of

Accepted Answer

A) protein. 
B) mRNA. 
C) tRNA. 
D) rRNA. 
A) protein. 
B) mRNA. 
C) tRNA. 
D) rRNA.

Question 8

Figure 15.2  
-Refer to Figure 15.2.In the branched metabolic pathway,if enzyme 3 is defective,you might expect to see an increase in the amount of which intermediate/product?

Accepted Answer

A) E 
B) F 
C) D 
D) A 
A) E 
B) F 
C) D 
D) A

Question 9

The central dogma has been challenged on several levels (e.g.,the discovery of RNA viruses,which use their RNA to directly synthesize proteins,and the discovery of reverse transcriptase,which makes DNA from RNA).Which of the following is another example of an exception to the central dogma?

Accepted Answer

A) DNA from viruses can insert themselves into host cell chromosomes. 
B) Chaperone molecules guide the folding of protein molecules. 
C) Gene mutations result in altered amino acid sequences of proteins. 
D) Prions are infectious protein molecules capable of altering the folding of normal proteins. 
A) DNA from viruses can insert themselves into host cell chromosomes. 
B) Chaperone molecules guide the folding of protein molecules. 
C) Gene mutations result in altered amino acid sequences of proteins. 
D) Prions are infectious protein molecules capable of altering the folding of normal proteins.

Question 10

In the Morse code,a series of dots and dashes code for letters of the alphabet.How is this analogous to the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

A) There is complementarity in the genetic code (A is complementary to T,and C is complementary to G). 
B) The bases that make up DNA are associated by hydrogen bonds. 
C) The machinery involved in DNA synthesis is analogous to the telegraph equipment used in sending Morse code. 
D) The bases of DNA code for the more complex amino acid sequence of the various proteins found in cells. 
A) There is complementarity in the genetic code (A is complementary to T,and C is complementary to G). 
B) The bases that make up DNA are associated by hydrogen bonds. 
C) The machinery involved in DNA synthesis is analogous to the telegraph equipment used in sending Morse code. 
D) The bases of DNA code for the more complex amino acid sequence of the various proteins found in cells.

Question 11

The original DNA has the base sequence AGCGTTACCGT;a mutation in the DNA strand results in the base sequence AGGCGTTACCGT.What does this tell you about the mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) It was caused by radiation poisoning. 
B) It may result in a single amino acid change in the protein being coded for by this base sequence. 
C) There is no mutation. 
D) It is a frameshift mutation. 
A) It was caused by radiation poisoning. 
B) It may result in a single amino acid change in the protein being coded for by this base sequence. 
C) There is no mutation. 
D) It is a frameshift mutation.

Question 12

Which molecule carries the message from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the code is translated?

Accepted Answer

A) mRNA 
B) DNA 
C) rRNA 
D) tRNA 
A) mRNA 
B) DNA 
C) rRNA 
D) tRNA

Question 13

The synthesis of RNA through complementary base pairing is known as

Accepted Answer

A) semiconservative replication. 
B) dispersive polymerization. 
C) transcription. 
D) translation. 
A) semiconservative replication. 
B) dispersive polymerization. 
C) transcription. 
D) translation.

Question 14

Beadle discovered that metabolic pathways are studied most effectively using which of the following techniques?

Accepted Answer

A) gene amplification 
B) adding additional intermediates of the metabolic pathway 
C) adding energy in the form of ATP 
D) creating single gene mutations resulting in nonfunctional enzymes specific to a metabolic pathway 
A) gene amplification 
B) adding additional intermediates of the metabolic pathway 
C) adding energy in the form of ATP 
D) creating single gene mutations resulting in nonfunctional enzymes specific to a metabolic pathway

Question 15

Genotype is to ________ as phenotype is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A) DNA base sequence;amino acid sequence 
B) heredity;DNA base sequence 
C) gene regulation;translation 
D) transcription;amino acid sequence 
A) DNA base sequence;amino acid sequence 
B) heredity;DNA base sequence 
C) gene regulation;translation 
D) transcription;amino acid sequence

Question 16

When is a single base substitution mutation least likely to be deleterious?

Accepted Answer

A) when the single base change results in a stop codon 
B) when the single base change results in a codon that specifies the same amino acid as the original codon 
C) when the base change results in an amino acid substitution that alters the tertiary structure of the protein 
D) when the base change results in an amino acid substitution at the active site of an enzyme 
A) when the single base change results in a stop codon 
B) when the single base change results in a codon that specifies the same amino acid as the original codon 
C) when the base change results in an amino acid substitution that alters the tertiary structure of the protein 
D) when the base change results in an amino acid substitution at the active site of an enzyme

Question 17

Figure 15.6 Use the figure to answer the following question(s).
  
-Refer to Figure 15.5.If you had an mRNA for which the codons were read beginning from the start codon,which amino acids would be added (in order)? UCUGAUGGGCUUU…

Accepted Answer

A) serine,aspartic acid,glycine,leucine 
B) methionine,glycine,phenylalanine 
C) methionine,valine,glycine,phenylalanine 
D) threonine,methionine,glycine 
A) serine,aspartic acid,glycine,leucine 
B) methionine,glycine,phenylalanine 
C) methionine,valine,glycine,phenylalanine 
D) threonine,methionine,glycine

Question 18

The term "point" in point mutation is in reference to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) It affects an organism once during its lifespan. 
B) If affects only one nucleotide. 
C) It affects only one type of chromosome 
D) It affects only one protein in the body. 
A) It affects an organism once during its lifespan. 
B) If affects only one nucleotide. 
C) It affects only one type of chromosome 
D) It affects only one protein in the body.

Question 19

There are three stop codons (nonsense codons);all remaining codons specify addition of an amino acid (sense codons).How many sense codons are there?

Accepted Answer

A) 20 
B) 45 
C) 61 
D) 72 
A) 20 
B) 45 
C) 61 
D) 72

Exam 15: How Genes Work

Which of the following findings violated the central dogma?

The statement,DNA → RNA → Proteins,

For a hypothetical gene,how do the terms dominance and recessive relate to gene expression and how genes work?

How might a single base substitution in the sequence of a gene affect the amino acid sequence of a protein encoded by the gene,and why?

What molecule serves as a link between the information-containing macromolecule,DNA,and protein synthesis?

What is a codon?

Codons,the three base sequences that code for specific amino acids,are part of

Figure 15.2 -Refer to Figure 15.2.In the branched metabolic pathway,if enzyme 3 is defective,you might expect to see an increase in the amount of which intermediate/product?

The central dogma has been challenged on several levels (e.g.,the discovery of RNA viruses,which use their RNA to directly synthesize proteins,and the discovery of reverse transcriptase,which makes DNA from RNA).Which of the following is another example of an exception to the central dogma?

In the Morse code,a series of dots and dashes code for letters of the alphabet.How is this analogous to the genetic code?

The original DNA has the base sequence AGCGTTACCGT;a mutation in the DNA strand results in the base sequence AGGCGTTACCGT.What does this tell you about the mutation?

Which molecule carries the message from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the code is translated?

The synthesis of RNA through complementary base pairing is known as

Beadle discovered that metabolic pathways are studied most effectively using which of the following techniques?

Genotype is to ________ as phenotype is to ________.

When is a single base substitution mutation least likely to be deleterious?

Figure 15.6 Use the figure to answer the following question(s). -Refer to Figure 15.5.If you had an mRNA for which the codons were read beginning from the start codon,which amino acids would be added (in order)? UCUGAUGGGCUUU…

The term "point" in point mutation is in reference to which of the following?

There are three stop codons (nonsense codons);all remaining codons specify addition of an amino acid (sense codons).How many sense codons are there?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

Genotype is to as phenotype is to .