Exam 11: Legal and Ethical Issues in Finance

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In what way was Proctor and Gamble's interest rate swap deal unethical?

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They are not a financial firm and have no expertise in derivatives, yet they used money that belonged to the shareholders to speculate on interest rates, putting it at risk.

What legal accounting tool did Enron's CFO use to make earnings look better than they were?

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Special purpose entities (SPEs).

What circumstance in the economy made Robert Citron's investment strategy change from a winner to a loser?

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The fear of inflation caused the Fed to raise interest rates. Citron's strategy made money when interest rates fell and lost money when interest rates rose.

What circumstance allowed Nick Leeson to put Barings Bank's funds at risk?

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What circumstance made it possible for Charles Keating to quintuple Lincoln Savings and Loan's assets in a short period of time?

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What circumstance allowed Robert Citron to put the Orange County Investment Pool's funds at risk?

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What strategy that Nick Leeson tried only made things worse?

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What risk metric proved insufficient for Long Term Capital Management?

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What particular form of debt did Robert Citron use to leverage up the returns to the Orange County Investment Pool?

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What part of the strategy made things worse for both Orange County and Long Term Capital Management when returns started going negative?

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Who were the Keating five?

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What other firm did the Enron scandal bring down, and for what reason?

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What unusual step did the Board of Directors at WorldCom take to avoid lowering the stock price?

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What situation that arose due to the S&L crisis caused the federal government to bail out Wall Street and the big banks in the 2007 financial crisis?

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