Exam 14: North America

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List and describe at least three methods for reconstructing ancient diets.

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1. Analysis of fossilized remains: By studying the fossilized remains of ancient humans and animals, researchers can gain insight into the types of plants and animals that were consumed in the past. This can be done through the examination of dental microwear, stable isotope analysis, and the presence of certain plant and animal remains in the fossilized feces of ancient humans.

2. Examination of ancient cooking tools and food residues: Archaeologists can reconstruct ancient diets by studying the tools and utensils used for cooking and food preparation, as well as the residues left behind on these artifacts. By analyzing the types of plants and animals that were processed and consumed, researchers can gain a better understanding of the dietary habits of ancient populations.

3. Comparison with modern hunter-gatherer societies: By studying the diets of modern hunter-gatherer societies, researchers can gain insight into the types of foods that were likely consumed by ancient populations. This comparative approach can provide valuable information about the types of plants and animals that were available and consumed in the past, as well as the methods of food procurement and preparation used by ancient societies.

Which of the following, which is sometimes called the Early Woodland, is the North American culture dating to between 500 B.C. and A.D. 400 centered on the Ohio River valley?

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C

Some groups of Paleo-Indian populations had settled along the southern California coastline and on offshore islands by

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A

Which of the following is the widespread desert farming culture centered in southern Arizona that flourished from c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 1500?

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Which of the following, centered in the southeastern region of what is now the United States, is the most elaborate prehistoric cultural tradition to flourish in North America?

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Explain Kent Flannery's hypothesis on plant domestication in Mesoamerica. What evidence supports this hypothesis? Can you think of potential exceptions to this explanation?

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Early peoples who lived in what is now the southwestern United States gathered many plants, including all of the following EXCEPT

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Which of the following is the major American Southwestern cultural tradition that centered on what is now known as the Four Corners region that reached its peak in A.D. 1100?

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Moundville in what is now west-central Alabama flourished as early as A.D. 1250 and went into decline after

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Define dendrochronology. Explain the methods used in this study. How has this methodology been used in the Southwestern United States?

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Discuss the notion that successors of Mississippian society would have flourished and evolved into a full-fledged state-organized society if Europeans had not arrived on the continent. What limitations do experts cite regarding this notion? Can you think of any adaptations early peoples could have made to overcome these limitations?

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The ""great houses,"" or large pueblos of Chaco Canyon contained many luxury items, including

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Maize first entered the American Southwest during a period of higher than average rainfall, between

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All of the following contributed to the rise of more complex hunter-gatherer societies along the Pacific Coast of North American EXCEPT

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Panalauca Cave, Peru, which dates to 2500 B.C., has yielded evidence of early cultivation of what crop?

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Which of the following animals was tamed by ancient Americans?

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Chaco Canyon, used for more than two centuries, was the center of a remarkable flowering of which culture?

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All projectile points in North America are ultimately derived from the ancient

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Discuss the possible reasons for the decline of the Hopewell tradition. What civilization replaced the Hopewell tradition? What staple agricultural product played a role in this transition, and why?

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All of the following were major centers of native plant domestication in the Americas EXCEPT

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