Exam 1: Reality

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What is the "appearance/reality" distinction? How has science increased the discrepancy between the way the world seems and the way it really must be? Discuss how philosophers through the ages have tackled this issue.

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Leibniz was a __________.

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Pythagoras believed that the universe is made of _________.

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Western philosophy is said to begin with Thales.

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Leibniz's __________, based on the Principle of Sufficient Reason asserts that no two monads can have all the same properties.

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Spinoza believed that there were many substances.

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The thesis that every event in the universe necessarily occurs as the result of its cause Is called __________.

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According to Descartes, __________ and __________ are distinct substances.

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Aristotle also adhered to Plato's theory of the Forms.

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According to Leibniz, __________ is experience and present in every monad, ________ on the other hand is a very special kind of experience and found in only certain kinds of monads.

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For Aristotle, the primary use of the word be tells us __________.

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__________ are central to Plato's metaphysics.

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The Upanishads of ancient Indian Verdic literature features the earliest articulation of a single ultimate reality.

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Leibniz and Spinoza are both heavily influenced by Aristotle and have committed their philosophical approach to metaphysics on the notion of substance. But, the two drastically disagree about the structure of these substances as Leibniz is a pluralist and Spinoza a monist. Compare and contrast the unique views of each philosopher. Who appears to you to have the stronger argument?

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Aristotle referred to metaphysics as "first philosophy", of which he was interested in investigating the nature of "Being as Being" or ultimate reality.

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The early Socratic dialogues tended to conclude __________.

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__________ was a radical determinist, but he assured us that we can, with heroic effort, understand the nature of this determinism and accept it gracefully.

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Socrates had a wart on his nose. What type of property is "having a wart on your nose"?

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Laozi was a religious mystic who rejected Daoism and founded Confucianism.

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What is Spinoza's theory of how the universe came to be?

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