Exam 7: Income and Labor Market Inequality

Racism and sexism operate in the same ways for different ethnic and racial groups.

The ________ refers to overall income regardless of hours worked, whereas the ________ refers only to the difference in the amount earned per hour worked.

What was deindustrialization? Identify and describe these two ways that deindustrialization impacted wages. Which group was hit the hardest by deindustrialization?

Describe the ethnic enclave economy and explain why people of color might find it an appealing alternative to the conventional labor market. How does the concept of a racial ethnic enclave economy compare to traditional understandings of the ethnic enclave economy? Select and discuss a specific example that illustrates the difference between these two concepts of an enclave economy.

Some immigrants have attained success through clusters of small businesses that primarily serve people of the same ethnicity and work to facilitate the success of co-ethnics. These clusters of businesses are referred to as:

Racial inequality in the labor force is apparent by examining trends in:

Which of the following is a structural explanation for racial inequality in the labor market?

What is the difference between the unemployment rate and the jobless rate?

The numeric measure of income inequality based on a scale of 0 to 1 and used for comparison across countries is known as:

Western and Pettit conducted a study which looked at the percentages of Black and White high-school dropouts with jobs. Which often unaccounted for factor did they highlight as significant in terms of labor market inequality?

White men have the highest average earnings in the United States.

According to the _____________, many African Americans live in areas where there has been a reduction in work for low-skilled workers, and African American men in particular often do not have the skills required to secure work in the current economy.

When taking gender into account, data about racial inequality in the labor market shows that the human capital advantage of work experience is:

The median income of White workers in the United States has been higher than that of Black workers for as long as we have kept track of income data.

Given the unequal conditions of the formal labor market, one way racial and ethnic minorities cope is by turning to self-employment.

Young Black women who are college graduates have higher rates of labor force participation than other racial/ethnic counterparts and therefore have the highest lifetime earnings.

Explain why incarceration rates must be taken into account in order to understand labor market inequality. Support your answer by identifying and describing two specific ways in which incarceration impacts the wage gap between Black and White men.

As of 2019, the United States has a Gini coefficient of 0.48. How does the United States compare to other advanced economies in terms of income inequality?

Asian American men have the highest average earnings in the United States. What evidence suggests that Asians still might experience discrimination in the labor force?

Incarcerated people who work in prison are guaranteed the federal minimum wage.