Exam 45: Environmental Protection

​Clean Wash, Inc., operates a chain of car washes throughout the United States. The government entity that is most likely to be involved in regulating the chain's environmental impact is

Performance standards for major sources of air pollution require the use of the any available technology, or AAT.

​Hi-Yield, Inc., makes a pesticide with a one-in-a-million risk to people of developing cancer from exposure. This substance must be

Persons who provide information about violators of the Clean Air Act may be paid up to $10,000.

​Glass Company operates a manufacturing plant on Hometown River. Discharging pollutants from the plant into the river can result in

​Deep Earth Extraction, Inc., operates a facility near Estuary Bay. Discharging waste from the facility into the bay can result in

​A cruise ship owned by Bayshore Cruises Inc. discharges some of the oil contained in its hold into Chesapeake Bay and onto the shore. Under the Oil Pollution Act, this is most likely

​Rural Electric Company submits a bid to build a dam on federal land as part of a federal project. For this action, an environmental impact statement is most likely

​The National Park Service hires Outdoor Play, Inc., to replace outdated playground equipment in a handful of national parks. For this action, an environmental impact statement is most likely

Liability does not extend to businesses that merge with or buy corporations that have violated CERCLA.

The Environmental Protection Agency can prohibit altogether a toxic substance that poses an imminent hazard.

Ultrahazard Corporation transports radioactive materials. Vince, an Ultrahazard employee, is diagnosed with radiation sickness after exposure to the materials. Vince's suit against Ultrahazard to recover for the injury is known as​

​Loaf & Biscuit LLC operates a dough making and packaging plant-a "major source"-that emits hazardous air pollutants for which the Environmental Protection Agency has set maximum levels of emission. The plant does not use equipment to reduce its emissions. Under the Clean Air Act, this is most likely

New sources of water pollutants must install pollution-control equipment with all deliberate speed after beginning operations.

​Without a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Condos Corporation fills a wetlands area that it owns in preparation for the construction of a housing complex. Under the Clean Water Act, this is most likely

Those who knowingly violate the Clean Air Act may be subject to civil penalties but not criminal penalties.

​Industrial Solvents, Inc., averages $15,000 profit per day before deciding to ignore air pollution standards, after which the average is $30,000. Industrial Solvents is subject to a fine of

Under the Clean Water Act, criminal penalties apply whether a violation was intentional or unintentional.

Bertha owns land located outside Centre City. Bertha sells the land to Disposal & Recycling, Inc., which establishes a hazardous waste disposal facility at the site. Disposal & Recycling accepts only waste transported by Eco Trucking Inc. exclusively from Federated Industries, Inc. Several years later, Disposal & Recycling closes its facility and sells the land to Garden Variety Retail Corporation, which builds a Home & Yard store on the site. Meanwhile, some of Centre City's citizens complain to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that the city's municipal water supply is polluted. The EPA investigates and discovers that the sources of the pollution are leaks of hazardous waste from what is now the Home & Yard site. The EPA cleans up the site. Who can be held liable for the cost of cleaning up the site? What standards must Centre City meet regarding the water?​

Injured individuals can rely on the common law to obtain damages from business polluters.