Exam 12: Education and Religion.

__________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).

__________ theorists believe that tracking seriously affects many students' educational performance and their overall academic accomplishments. In elementary schools, tracking is often referred to as "ability grouping" and is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group of students who have similar abilities.

Efforts to bring about __________, which is the abolition of legally sanctioned racial/ethnic segregation, have failed in many districts throughout the country.

In preindustrial societies, religion often takes the form of animism which is the belief that supernatural forces affect people's lives either positively or negatively.

Home schooling in the U.S. has increased primarily because of

According to __________ theorists, gender bias is embedded in both the formal and the hidden curricula of schools. For many years, reading materials, classroom activities, and treatment by teachers and peers contributed to a feeling among many girls and young women that they were less important than male students.

According to conflict theorists, the __________ is the transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in the rules, routines, and regulations of schools.

In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal.

Schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality, and perseverance. Schools teach conformity by encouraging young people to be good students, conscientious future workers, and law-abiding citizens. This represents the manifest function of education known as __________.

Which statement concerning Native Americans college enrollment is true?

As student populations diversify over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. For example, sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented in some schools to help students learn about pressing social issues. This exemplifies the manifest function of education called __________.

__________ is a philosophy of education that aims to empower individuals, free the mind from ignorance, and cultivate social responsibility. For this reason, four-year schools typically offer a general education curriculum that gives students exposure to multiple disciplines and ways of knowing, along with more in-depth study (known as a "major") in at least one area of concentration.

__________ theorists examine educational practices that undermine female students' self-esteem and discouraged them from taking certain courses, such as math and science, which were usually dominated by male teachers and students.

When Muslims bow toward Mecca, the holy city of Islam, five times a day at fixed times to pray to God, and Christians participate in the celebration of communion to commemorate the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, they are engaging in __________.

A teacher who believes (as a result of stereotypes based on the relationship between IQ and race) that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly may contribute to __________.

Some social scientists believe that __________ is one of the most obvious mechanisms through which students of color and those from low-income families receive a diluted academic program, making it much more likely that they will fall even further behind their white, middle-class counterparts.

In regards to unequal funding of public schools, most educational funds come from the federal government and a small percentage from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes.

Horticultural societies were among the first to practice monotheism-a belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world. Three of the major world religions, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are monotheistic.

__________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world.

Describe the functionalist perspective on religion and discuss its major functions in societies.