Question 1

Extrapolating the findings from one or a few cases to all cases of the same type is known as stereotyping.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

A sample is the set of cases for which data have been collected for a study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

With the help of an example, explain the difference between an "element" and an "entity."

Accepted Answer

An "element" and an "entity" are both fu

Question 4

What does the term "inclusion criteria" refer to?

Accepted Answer

A)  rules to include a case in a sample 
B)  criteria for inclusion in a target set 
C)  criteria for including a case in a study 
D)  logic for populating a representative set 
A)  rules to include a case in a sample 
B)  criteria for inclusion in a target set 
C)  criteria for including a case in a study 
D)  logic for populating a representative set

Question 5

For a study that conducts a survey to collect data, inclusion criteria will be limited by those who respond to the survey.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

An entity refers to the category or type of element used in a research study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

What is a representative sample? Illustrate with an example.

Accepted Answer

A representative sample is a subset of a

Question 8

A data set has 2,000 observations of five dimensions of a topic. A subset of 500 observations is drawn from this data set. The data set had 20% observations with "Y" as value for the first dimension, whereas the subset had 17% of its observations with "Y" as value for the same first dimension. What term would be used for these 17% observations?

Accepted Answer

A)  underrepresented dimension 
B)  overrepresented dimension 
C)  representative subgroup 
D)  underrepresented sample 
A)  underrepresented dimension 
B)  overrepresented dimension 
C)  representative subgroup 
D)  underrepresented sample

Question 9

What term or phrase is used to describe making an inference for one level of analysis based on the findings from another level of analysis in a study?

Accepted Answer

A)  sample to target 
B)  false negatives 
C)  fallacy of level 
D)  stereotyping 
A)  sample to target 
B)  false negatives 
C)  fallacy of level 
D)  stereotyping

Question 10

Explain what is meant by cross-population generalization with the aid of an example.

Accepted Answer

Cross-population generalization refers t

Question 11

What is a "fallacy of level?" Give an example to explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

The "fallacy of level" refers to the mis

Question 12

In research studies, what does the term "exclusion criteria" mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Data not available for public use or study 
B)  Context limits that disqualify some cases 
C)  Exclusion of some context factors from study 
D)  Data that have misleading units of measure 
A)  Data not available for public use or study 
B)  Context limits that disqualify some cases 
C)  Exclusion of some context factors from study 
D)  Data that have misleading units of measure

Question 13

On a visit to Thailand, you see an electronic board showing the current temperature as 30°. Which context criteria makes it difficult to interpret this number?

Accepted Answer

A)  location 
B)  time period 
C)  type of case 
D)  study topic 
A)  location 
B)  time period 
C)  type of case 
D)  study topic

Question 14

Using the list of Ws, explain what is the context of a research study. Provide an example for each.

Accepted Answer

The context of a research study can be e

Question 15

A random set of 200 data points selected from a data set was found to have the same general composition as the full data. What term best describes these 200 data points?

Accepted Answer

A)  a sample 
B)  a subset 
C)  a representative sample 
D)  a random set 
A)  a sample 
B)  a subset 
C)  a representative sample 
D)  a random set

Question 16

What is a "sample generalization?"

Accepted Answer

A)  extrapolate the results from sample analysis to multiple population groups 
B)  apply conclusions from sample to population from which the sample is drawn 
C)  generalize sample characteristics to multiple samples drawn from the data 
D)  apply sample conclusions to other samples with similar characteristics 
A)  extrapolate the results from sample analysis to multiple population groups 
B)  apply conclusions from sample to population from which the sample is drawn 
C)  generalize sample characteristics to multiple samples drawn from the data 
D)  apply sample conclusions to other samples with similar characteristics

Question 17

What does "level of analysis" mean in a research study?

Accepted Answer

A)  type of analysis method or technique 
B)  level of aggregation of elements 
C)  type of research of the study 
D)  level of measure of each case 
A)  type of analysis method or technique 
B)  level of aggregation of elements 
C)  type of research of the study 
D)  level of measure of each case

Question 18

In your own words, explain how an inclusion criteria could make some cases implausible for the research study. Provide an example.

Accepted Answer

Inclusion criteria are specific characte

Question 19

What does the term "external validity" refer to?

Accepted Answer

A)  validate sample results using alternative statistical techniques 
B)  confirm conclusions made from a study by another researcher 
C)  extent to which study results can be generalized to a larger group 
D)  overlap of study results from a sample, with another study 
A)  validate sample results using alternative statistical techniques 
B)  confirm conclusions made from a study by another researcher 
C)  extent to which study results can be generalized to a larger group 
D)  overlap of study results from a sample, with another study

Question 20

Observing poor results of an IQ test taken by three of his students, a professor assumed that his entire student class had below average IQ. What term is used to describe this assumption?

Accepted Answer

A)  overgeneralization 
B)  generalization fallacy 
C)  selective observation 
D)  sample extrapolation 
A)  overgeneralization 
B)  generalization fallacy 
C)  selective observation 
D)  sample extrapolation

Extrapolating the findings from one or a few cases to all cases of the same type is known as stereotyping.

A sample is the set of cases for which data have been collected for a study.

With the help of an example, explain the difference between an "element" and an "entity."

What does the term "inclusion criteria" refer to?

For a study that conducts a survey to collect data, inclusion criteria will be limited by those who respond to the survey.

An entity refers to the category or type of element used in a research study.

What is a representative sample? Illustrate with an example.

What term or phrase is used to describe making an inference for one level of analysis based on the findings from another level of analysis in a study?

Explain what is meant by cross-population generalization with the aid of an example.

What is a "fallacy of level?" Give an example to explain your answer.

In research studies, what does the term "exclusion criteria" mean?

On a visit to Thailand, you see an electronic board showing the current temperature as 30°. Which context criteria makes it difficult to interpret this number?

Using the list of Ws, explain what is the context of a research study. Provide an example for each.

A random set of 200 data points selected from a data set was found to have the same general composition as the full data. What term best describes these 200 data points?

What is a "sample generalization?"

What does "level of analysis" mean in a research study?

In your own words, explain how an inclusion criteria could make some cases implausible for the research study. Provide an example.

What does the term "external validity" refer to?

Observing poor results of an IQ test taken by three of his students, a professor assumed that his entire student class had below average IQ. What term is used to describe this assumption?

Introduction to Making Sense of Numbers

Foundational Concepts for Quantitative Research

Topic and Conceptualization

Measurement

Working With Tables

Working With Charts and Visualizations

Comparison Values, Contrast Sizes, and Standards

Numbers, Comparisons, and Calculations

Distributions and Associations

Bias

Causality

Uncertainty of Numeric Estimates

Communicating Quantitative Research

The Role of Research Methods in Making Sense of Numbers

Filters

Exam 5: Context

Extrapolating the findings from one or a few cases to all cases of the same type is known as stereotyping.

A sample is the set of cases for which data have been collected for a study.

With the help of an example, explain the difference between an "element" and an "entity."

What does the term "inclusion criteria" refer to?

For a study that conducts a survey to collect data, inclusion criteria will be limited by those who respond to the survey.

An entity refers to the category or type of element used in a research study.

What is a representative sample? Illustrate with an example.

What term or phrase is used to describe making an inference for one level of analysis based on the findings from another level of analysis in a study?

Explain what is meant by cross-population generalization with the aid of an example.

What is a "fallacy of level?" Give an example to explain your answer.

In research studies, what does the term "exclusion criteria" mean?

On a visit to Thailand, you see an electronic board showing the current temperature as 30°. Which context criteria makes it difficult to interpret this number?

Using the list of Ws, explain what is the context of a research study. Provide an example for each.

A random set of 200 data points selected from a data set was found to have the same general composition as the full data. What term best describes these 200 data points?

What is a "sample generalization?"

What does "level of analysis" mean in a research study?

In your own words, explain how an inclusion criteria could make some cases implausible for the research study. Provide an example.

What does the term "external validity" refer to?

Observing poor results of an IQ test taken by three of his students, a professor assumed that his entire student class had below average IQ. What term is used to describe this assumption?

Introduction to Making Sense of Numbers

Foundational Concepts for Quantitative Research

Topic and Conceptualization

Measurement

Working With Tables

Working With Charts and Visualizations

Comparison Values, Contrast Sizes, and Standards

Numbers, Comparisons, and Calculations

Distributions and Associations

Bias

Causality

Uncertainty of Numeric Estimates

Communicating Quantitative Research

The Role of Research Methods in Making Sense of Numbers

Filters