Question 1

An association which is subsequently shown to have reverse causation, implies changing the dependent to be an independent variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Designing a quasi-experiment in observational studies works as well as a randomized experimental study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The participants of the study mentioned in question 16 are not informed whether they are being placed in the treatment or in the control group. What term is used to identify this type of study?

Accepted Answer

A)  double-blinded 
B)  nonblinded 
C)  placebo blinded 
D)  single-blinded 
A)  double-blinded 
B)  nonblinded 
C)  placebo blinded 
D)  single-blinded

Question 4

The criteria of time order is satisfied when the independent variable occurs before the response variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

What is a "mechanism", in the context of causal relationships?

Accepted Answer

A)  an environmental condition that may affect association 
B)  a process that explains a cause-and-effect relationship 
C)  research steps taken to understand an association 
D)  empirical method for verifying cause-and-effect relationship 
A)  an environmental condition that may affect association 
B)  a process that explains a cause-and-effect relationship 
C)  research steps taken to understand an association 
D)  empirical method for verifying cause-and-effect relationship

Question 6

What is a confounding factor in the context of spurious relationships? Explain with an example.

Accepted Answer

A confounding factor in the context of s

Question 7

A study observed a positive association between number of insurance claims and income of the insured. On further analysis, it was found that the age of the insured had a strong positive association with income and helped explain the variation in the number of claims. What term is used to define the association between claims and income?

Accepted Answer

A)  spurious 
B)  nonspurious 
C)  temporal order 
D)  causal order 
A)  spurious 
B)  nonspurious 
C)  temporal order 
D)  causal order

Question 8

What is a dose-response? Choose the best answer

Accepted Answer

A)  a positive response to a specific dose in medical studies 
B)  a presence or absence of an outcome after a stimulus 
C)  a change in a predictor variable for the same outcome 
D)  a variation in size of the response with size of a predictor 
A)  a positive response to a specific dose in medical studies 
B)  a presence or absence of an outcome after a stimulus 
C)  a change in a predictor variable for the same outcome 
D)  a variation in size of the response with size of a predictor

An association which is subsequently shown to have reverse causation, implies changing the dependent to be an independent variable.

Designing a quasi-experiment in observational studies works as well as a randomized experimental study.

The participants of the study mentioned in question 16 are not informed whether they are being placed in the treatment or in the control group. What term is used to identify this type of study?

The criteria of time order is satisfied when the independent variable occurs before the response variable.

What is a "mechanism", in the context of causal relationships?

What is a confounding factor in the context of spurious relationships? Explain with an example.

What is a dose-response? Choose the best answer

Introduction to Making Sense of Numbers

Foundational Concepts for Quantitative Research

Topic and Conceptualization

Measurement

Context

Working With Tables

Working With Charts and Visualizations

Comparison Values, Contrast Sizes, and Standards

Numbers, Comparisons, and Calculations

Distributions and Associations

Bias

Uncertainty of Numeric Estimates

Communicating Quantitative Research

The Role of Research Methods in Making Sense of Numbers

Filters

Exam 12: Causality

An association which is subsequently shown to have reverse causation, implies changing the dependent to be an independent variable.

Designing a quasi-experiment in observational studies works as well as a randomized experimental study.

The participants of the study mentioned in question 16 are not informed whether they are being placed in the treatment or in the control group. What term is used to identify this type of study?

The criteria of time order is satisfied when the independent variable occurs before the response variable.

What is a "mechanism", in the context of causal relationships?

What is a confounding factor in the context of spurious relationships? Explain with an example.

What is a dose-response? Choose the best answer

Introduction to Making Sense of Numbers

Foundational Concepts for Quantitative Research

Topic and Conceptualization

Measurement

Context

Working With Tables

Working With Charts and Visualizations

Comparison Values, Contrast Sizes, and Standards

Numbers, Comparisons, and Calculations

Distributions and Associations

Bias

Uncertainty of Numeric Estimates

Communicating Quantitative Research

The Role of Research Methods in Making Sense of Numbers

Filters