Question 1

Artificial selection experiments

Accepted Answer

A)  are useful but limited due to their artificial nature. 
B)  can demonstrate that behaviors can be passed across generations. 
C)  show us that no behavior is truly innate. 
D)  are like deprivation experiments, since they also show that behavior must be learned. 
A)  are useful but limited due to their artificial nature. 
B)  can demonstrate that behaviors can be passed across generations. 
C)  show us that no behavior is truly innate. 
D)  are like deprivation experiments, since they also show that behavior must be learned.

Question 2

Preparedness illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  important differences between animal and human learning. 
B)  the impact of heredity and environment on behavior. 
C)  that most learning involves instrumental rather than classical associations. 
D)  that most learning involves classical rather than instrumental associations. 
A)  important differences between animal and human learning. 
B)  the impact of heredity and environment on behavior. 
C)  that most learning involves instrumental rather than classical associations. 
D)  that most learning involves classical rather than instrumental associations.

Question 3

After 14 weeks of exposure to public speaking, John's public-speaking anxiety has subsided. His therapist should tell him that

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation is relatively permanent and he will need no further help. 
B)  habituation is stimulus specific, so that as long as he continues speaking to similar audiences he will need no further help. 
C)  habituation fades with time; the anxiety can spontaneously recover and he may need more treatments. 
D)  he can reduce his anxiety further by preparing more talks that reinforce his calmness. 
A)  habituation is relatively permanent and he will need no further help. 
B)  habituation is stimulus specific, so that as long as he continues speaking to similar audiences he will need no further help. 
C)  habituation fades with time; the anxiety can spontaneously recover and he may need more treatments. 
D)  he can reduce his anxiety further by preparing more talks that reinforce his calmness.

Question 4

Extinction is basically

Accepted Answer

A)  forgetting. 
B)  the opposite of learning-it illustrates the unlearning process. 
C)  the same as habituation; both involve a subject learning to ignore a stimulus. 
D)  the acquisition of a competing or alternative expectation. 
A)  forgetting. 
B)  the opposite of learning-it illustrates the unlearning process. 
C)  the same as habituation; both involve a subject learning to ignore a stimulus. 
D)  the acquisition of a competing or alternative expectation.

Question 5

Which scenario demonstrates the application of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  A dog is given a "sit" command while the family eats dinner. 
B)  A parrot is sprayed with water whenever it attempts to bite. 
C)  A dolphin is given a herring when it places its tail fluke on the deck for a blood test. 
D)  A male blue jay scuffles with another male blue jay that enters the yard. 
A)  A dog is given a "sit" command while the family eats dinner. 
B)  A parrot is sprayed with water whenever it attempts to bite. 
C)  A dolphin is given a herring when it places its tail fluke on the deck for a blood test. 
D)  A male blue jay scuffles with another male blue jay that enters the yard.

Question 6

You have a hidden box of caramel popcorn, which your roommate loves. Describe how you could shape your roommate to do the dishes using caramel popcorn as a reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

When my roommate is in the kitchen, I gi

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  A trainer pairs a clicker sound with a food treat. 
B)  A student receives 10 dollars for every A on her report card, 5 dollars for every B, and 2 dollars for every 
C)  A puppy no longer cries during the night after being in its new home for two weeks. 
D)  A judge reduces a fine by 25 dollars for every hour of community service performed. 
A)  A trainer pairs a clicker sound with a food treat. 
B)  A student receives 10 dollars for every A on her report card, 5 dollars for every B, and 2 dollars for every 
C)  A puppy no longer cries during the night after being in its new home for two weeks. 
D)  A judge reduces a fine by 25 dollars for every hour of community service performed.

Question 8

Which example best demonstrates habituation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Having been recently stung by a bee, Sara is now highly anxious whenever she is outside and hears a buzzing sound. 
B)  After being on campus for two weeks, Mario sleeps through the night instead of being awakened by the daily 2 a.m. train. 
C)  Due to hearing loss from a firecracker incident, Justin does not hear the humming of the transformer outside his room. 
D)  Having just returned home from a two-hour rock concert, Amber turns up the volume on her television so high that her next-door neighbors complain. 
A)  Having been recently stung by a bee, Sara is now highly anxious whenever she is outside and hears a buzzing sound. 
B)  After being on campus for two weeks, Mario sleeps through the night instead of being awakened by the daily 2 a.m. train. 
C)  Due to hearing loss from a firecracker incident, Justin does not hear the humming of the transformer outside his room. 
D)  Having just returned home from a two-hour rock concert, Amber turns up the volume on her television so high that her next-door neighbors complain.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Better enjoyment of perfume or cologne shortly after application 
B)  Increased sensitivity to tornado sirens after first-hand experience of a tornado 
C)  Reduced tendency to startle when the end-of-class bell rings at the end of the semester as opposed to at the beginning of the semester 
D)  Increased tendency to become anxious around dogs after getting bitten by one 
A)  Better enjoyment of perfume or cologne shortly after application 
B)  Increased sensitivity to tornado sirens after first-hand experience of a tornado 
C)  Reduced tendency to startle when the end-of-class bell rings at the end of the semester as opposed to at the beginning of the semester 
D)  Increased tendency to become anxious around dogs after getting bitten by one

Question 10

When Sasha gets ready to walk her puppy, the puppy sometimes resists the leash by squirming. In response to this behavior, Sasha stops what she is doing, stands up straight, crosses her arms, and looks away, conspicuously ignoring the puppy. Sasha is using the procedure of _______ to reduce the dog's tendency to misbehave.

Accepted Answer

A)  omission 
B)  escape 
C)  punishment 
D)  avoidance 
A)  omission 
B)  escape 
C)  punishment 
D)  avoidance

Question 11

The conditioned compensatory response produces a response that is

Accepted Answer

A)  similar to the one produced by the outcome. 
B)  the opposite of the one produced by the outcome. 
C)  similar to the natural response to the signal for the outcome. 
D)  the opposite of the natural response to the signal for the outcome. 
A)  similar to the one produced by the outcome. 
B)  the opposite of the one produced by the outcome. 
C)  similar to the natural response to the signal for the outcome. 
D)  the opposite of the natural response to the signal for the outcome.

Question 12

Which statement about the timing of outcomes in relation to other events is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Classical conditioning works best when the critical events are close together in time, whereas instrumental conditioning works best when the critical events are further apart in time. 
B)  Classical conditioning works best when the critical events are further apart in time, whereas instrumental conditioning works best when the critical events are closer together in time. 
C)  Both classical and instrumental conditioning work best when critical events are close together in time. 
D)  Both classical and instrumental conditioning work best when critical events occur simultaneously. 
A)  Classical conditioning works best when the critical events are close together in time, whereas instrumental conditioning works best when the critical events are further apart in time. 
B)  Classical conditioning works best when the critical events are further apart in time, whereas instrumental conditioning works best when the critical events are closer together in time. 
C)  Both classical and instrumental conditioning work best when critical events are close together in time. 
D)  Both classical and instrumental conditioning work best when critical events occur simultaneously.

Question 13

Fixed action patterns occur when

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior has been reinforced consistently. 
B)  sign stimuli are presented. 
C)  classically conditioned stimuli are presented. 
D)  habituation has taken place. 
A)  behavior has been reinforced consistently. 
B)  sign stimuli are presented. 
C)  classically conditioned stimuli are presented. 
D)  habituation has taken place.

Question 14

Shaping is a procedure used in _______ conditioning to gradually _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical; increase the intensity of the outcome 
B)  classical; modify how the S is presented over trials 
C)  instrumental; change the amount, frequency, or time of delivery of the outcome 
D)  instrumental; change the amount, frequency, or kind of response produced 
A)  classical; increase the intensity of the outcome 
B)  classical; modify how the S is presented over trials 
C)  instrumental; change the amount, frequency, or time of delivery of the outcome 
D)  instrumental; change the amount, frequency, or kind of response produced

Question 15

Positive reward involves the _______ of _______ stimulus following a response.

Accepted Answer

A)  presentation; an aversive 
B)  presentation; a pleasant 
C)  removal; an aversive 
D)  removal; a pleasant 
A)  presentation; an aversive 
B)  presentation; a pleasant 
C)  removal; an aversive 
D)  removal; a pleasant

Question 16

Because of public concern about underage drinking, some states now revoke driving privileges until age 21 if an underage driver tests positive for alcohol consumption. Other states require underage drunk drivers to engage in community service (e.g., picking up roadside trash) and to take an alcohol awareness/defensive driving course before driving privileges are restored. The states revoking driving privileges are using a(n) _______ contingency, whereas the states using community service and mandatory driving class are using a(n) _______ contingency.

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment; negative reinforcement 
B)  punishment; omission 
C)  omission; punishment 
D)  omission; negative reinforcement 
A)  punishment; negative reinforcement 
B)  punishment; omission 
C)  omission; punishment 
D)  omission; negative reinforcement

Question 17

Describe an example of habituation not used in the text or class and discuss how you know that it is habituation.

Accepted Answer

My roommate slams the bathroom door when

Artificial selection experiments

Preparedness illustrates

After 14 weeks of exposure to public speaking, John's public-speaking anxiety has subsided. His therapist should tell him that

Extinction is basically

Which scenario demonstrates the application of positive reinforcement?

You have a hidden box of caramel popcorn, which your roommate loves. Describe how you could shape your roommate to do the dishes using caramel popcorn as a reinforcer.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Which example best demonstrates habituation?

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

The conditioned compensatory response produces a response that is

Which statement about the timing of outcomes in relation to other events is true?

Fixed action patterns occur when

Shaping is a procedure used in _ conditioning to gradually _.

Positive reward involves the _ of _ stimulus following a response.

Describe an example of habituation not used in the text or class and discuss how you know that it is habituation.

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 2: Learning and Adaptation

Artificial selection experiments

Preparedness illustrates

After 14 weeks of exposure to public speaking, John's public-speaking anxiety has subsided. His therapist should tell him that

Extinction is basically

Which scenario demonstrates the application of positive reinforcement?

You have a hidden box of caramel popcorn, which your roommate loves. Describe how you could shape your roommate to do the dishes using caramel popcorn as a reinforcer.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Which example best demonstrates habituation?

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

The conditioned compensatory response produces a response that is

Which statement about the timing of outcomes in relation to other events is true?

Fixed action patterns occur when

Shaping is a procedure used in _______ conditioning to gradually _______.

Positive reward involves the _______ of _______ stimulus following a response.

Describe an example of habituation not used in the text or class and discuss how you know that it is habituation.

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Shaping is a procedure used in _ conditioning to gradually _.

Positive reward involves the _ of _ stimulus following a response.