Question 1

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning,

Accepted Answer

A)  after the association has formed, CS presentations activate the US node to the A2 state. 
B)  an association forms only if the CS node is in the A2 state and the US node is in the A1 state. 
C)  each node is a prototype compound that contains the most common features of some event. 
D)  the changes from the A2 to A1 to inactive state occur in the connections between the nodes. 
A)  after the association has formed, CS presentations activate the US node to the A2 state. 
B)  an association forms only if the CS node is in the A2 state and the US node is in the A1 state. 
C)  each node is a prototype compound that contains the most common features of some event. 
D)  the changes from the A2 to A1 to inactive state occur in the connections between the nodes.

Question 2

Inhibition, blocking, latent inhibition, and Hall-Pearce negative transfer all may occur when

Accepted Answer

A)  both the CS and the US are in A1. 
B)  both the CS and the US are in A2. 
C)  one stimulus is in A1 and the other is in A2. 
D)  one stimulus is inactive and the other is in A1. 
A)  both the CS and the US are in A1. 
B)  both the CS and the US are in A2. 
C)  one stimulus is in A1 and the other is in A2. 
D)  one stimulus is inactive and the other is in A1.

Question 3

The best description of the Rescorla-Wagner model's characterization of inhibition is that it is a signal

Accepted Answer

A)  for the absence of the US. 
B)  for a decrease in US magnitude. 
C)  that is no better or worse a predictor of the US than other co-occurring stimuli. 
D)  that predicts nothing. 
A)  for the absence of the US. 
B)  for a decrease in US magnitude. 
C)  that is no better or worse a predictor of the US than other co-occurring stimuli. 
D)  that predicts nothing.

Question 4

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, on each CS-US conditioning trial, the _______ becomes _______ surprising.

Accepted Answer

A)  CS; less 
B)  US; less 
C)  CS; more 
D)  US; more 
A)  CS; less 
B)  US; less 
C)  CS; more 
D)  US; more

Question 5

According to _______, one's attention to predictive stimuli decreases the more predictive these stimuli become.

Accepted Answer

A)  the Rescorla-Wagner model 
B)  Mackintosh 
C)  Pearce and Hall 
D)  Wagner 
A)  the Rescorla-Wagner model 
B)  Mackintosh 
C)  Pearce and Hall 
D)  Wagner

Question 6

The Pearce-Hall model

Accepted Answer

A)  makes the same predictions as the Rescorla-Wagner model, except where latent inhibition is concerned. 
B)  emphasizes that attention is less likely to occur as the US becomes more surprising. 
C)  emphasizes that attention is less likely to occur as the CS predictiveness increases. 
D)  emphasizes that CS and US effectiveness are equally important in determining whether conditioning will occur. 
A)  makes the same predictions as the Rescorla-Wagner model, except where latent inhibition is concerned. 
B)  emphasizes that attention is less likely to occur as the US becomes more surprising. 
C)  emphasizes that attention is less likely to occur as the CS predictiveness increases. 
D)  emphasizes that CS and US effectiveness are equally important in determining whether conditioning will occur.

Question 7

According to _______, adding stimuli to compounds has the same effect as removing stimuli from compounds.

Accepted Answer

A)  Pearce's configural model 
B)  the replaced elements model 
C)  both elemental models and Pearce's configural model 
D)  short-term memory models 
A)  Pearce's configural model 
B)  the replaced elements model 
C)  both elemental models and Pearce's configural model 
D)  short-term memory models

Question 8

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ is used to refer to change in associative strength on each successive conditioning trial.

Accepted Answer

A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V 
A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V

Question 9

Which set of phenomena did Wagner's SOP model explain that were not addressed by Rescorla-Wagner, Mackintosh, and Pearce-Hall?

Accepted Answer

A)  Latent inhibition and sensory preconditioning effects 
B)  The effects of CS-US timing on conditioning strength 
C)  The Hall-Pearce negative transfer effect 
D)  Self-generated and retrieval-generated priming effects 
A)  Latent inhibition and sensory preconditioning effects 
B)  The effects of CS-US timing on conditioning strength 
C)  The Hall-Pearce negative transfer effect 
D)  Self-generated and retrieval-generated priming effects

Question 10

In a third-grade classroom, Carla became an aversive excitatory stimulus to Kelly because she often embarrassed Kelly in front of other pupils. In the fourth grade, Kelly and Carla are again in the same class, but the new teacher will not tolerate abusive behavior. After six weeks, Kelly is no longer made anxious by Carla's presence. Kelly later joins a soccer team and finds that Carla belongs to the same team. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, Kelly is likely to _______ about Carla's presence on the team.

Accepted Answer

A)  feel anxious 
B)  feel excited 
C)  be unconcerned 
D)  be surprised 
A)  feel anxious 
B)  feel excited 
C)  be unconcerned 
D)  be surprised

Question 11

An animal subject is removed from its home cage in a colony room and placed in a black box in a training room. Half of the floor of the box is a metal grid and half is made of solid wood. In which of the following situations would you expect the least amount of conditioned inhibition to develop?

Accepted Answer

A)  The subject receives light + shock pairings on the metal grid floor, and tone + no shock on the wood floor. 
B)  The subject receives shock pairings on the metal grid floor, and tone + no shock on the wood floor. 
C)  The subject receives light + shock pairings on the metal grid floor, and receives tone + no shock in its holding cage in the training room. 
D)  The subject receives light + shock pairings on the metal grid floor, and tone + no shock in its home cage in the colony room. 
A)  The subject receives light + shock pairings on the metal grid floor, and tone + no shock on the wood floor. 
B)  The subject receives shock pairings on the metal grid floor, and tone + no shock on the wood floor. 
C)  The subject receives light + shock pairings on the metal grid floor, and receives tone + no shock in its holding cage in the training room. 
D)  The subject receives light + shock pairings on the metal grid floor, and tone + no shock in its home cage in the colony room.

Question 12

Priming refers to a situation in which a CS or US

Accepted Answer

A)  is being transferred to short-term memory. 
B)  is currently present in long-term memory. 
C)  has just been transferred to long-term memory. 
D)  has just been transferred to sensory memory. 
A)  is being transferred to short-term memory. 
B)  is currently present in long-term memory. 
C)  has just been transferred to long-term memory. 
D)  has just been transferred to sensory memory.

Question 13

Rescorla and Wagner used the term F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V to represent

Accepted Answer

A)  the influence of the context on conditioning. 
B)  the influence of all stimuli present on conditioning. 
C)  the total amount of learning that can occur due to CS salience, US salience, CS intensity, and US intensity. 
D)  the total number of training trials necessary for learning to reach asymptote. 
A)  the influence of the context on conditioning. 
B)  the influence of all stimuli present on conditioning. 
C)  the total amount of learning that can occur due to CS salience, US salience, CS intensity, and US intensity. 
D)  the total number of training trials necessary for learning to reach asymptote.

Question 14

Which statement about priming is supported by the evidence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Latent inhibition may be due to retrieval-generated priming of the CS by the context. 
B)  Changing the context between training and testing results in a stronger self-generated priming effect, evidenced by less latent inhibition. 
C)  Self-generated priming effects are most likely to occur with long delays or gaps between CS and US. 
D)  The Hall-Pearce negative transfer effect is enhanced by changing the context, presumably due to retrieval-generated priming. 
A)  Latent inhibition may be due to retrieval-generated priming of the CS by the context. 
B)  Changing the context between training and testing results in a stronger self-generated priming effect, evidenced by less latent inhibition. 
C)  Self-generated priming effects are most likely to occur with long delays or gaps between CS and US. 
D)  The Hall-Pearce negative transfer effect is enhanced by changing the context, presumably due to retrieval-generated priming.

Question 15

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ is used to refer to the associative strength or the predictive value of the CS.

Accepted Answer

A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  V 
A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  V

Question 16

In practical terms, protection from extinction is least likely to occur if an excitatory fear CS is

Accepted Answer

A)  extinguished in one context. 
B)  extinguished in many different contexts. 
C)  paired with a new neutral stimulus and the compound is reinforced. 
D)  paired with a new neutral stimulus and the compound is extinguished. 
A)  extinguished in one context. 
B)  extinguished in many different contexts. 
C)  paired with a new neutral stimulus and the compound is reinforced. 
D)  paired with a new neutral stimulus and the compound is extinguished.

Question 17

Which operation in the Rescorla-Wagner model is most important?

Accepted Answer

A)  α F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - ΣV 
C)  decreasing α when F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - V is small 
D)  increasing α when F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - ΣV is large 
A)  α F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - ΣV 
C)  decreasing α when F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - V is small 
D)  increasing α when F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - ΣV is large

Question 18

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning, the

Accepted Answer

A)  presentation of a CS or US initially activates the node to the A2 state. 
B)  A2 state is the highest level of activation and lasts for a long period of time. 
C)  node decays to the A1 state, which has a shorter duration than A2. 
D)  association is formed only if the CS and US nodes are in the A1 state. 
A)  presentation of a CS or US initially activates the node to the A2 state. 
B)  A2 state is the highest level of activation and lasts for a long period of time. 
C)  node decays to the A1 state, which has a shorter duration than A2. 
D)  association is formed only if the CS and US nodes are in the A1 state.

Question 19

Which element in the Rescorla-Wagner model is responsible for the majority of its successes?

Accepted Answer

A)  α 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  ΣV 
A)  α 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  ΣV

Question 20

The process by which an event that is presented to a subject enters short-term memory is called _______-generated priming.

Accepted Answer

A)  retrieval 
B)  transfer 
C)  episode 
D)  self 
A)  retrieval 
B)  transfer 
C)  episode 
D)  self

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning,

Inhibition, blocking, latent inhibition, and Hall-Pearce negative transfer all may occur when

The best description of the Rescorla-Wagner model's characterization of inhibition is that it is a signal

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, on each CS-US conditioning trial, the _ becomes _ surprising.

According to _______, one's attention to predictive stimuli decreases the more predictive these stimuli become.

The Pearce-Hall model

According to _______, adding stimuli to compounds has the same effect as removing stimuli from compounds.

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ is used to refer to change in associative strength on each successive conditioning trial.

Which set of phenomena did Wagner's SOP model explain that were not addressed by Rescorla-Wagner, Mackintosh, and Pearce-Hall?

An animal subject is removed from its home cage in a colony room and placed in a black box in a training room. Half of the floor of the box is a metal grid and half is made of solid wood. In which of the following situations would you expect the least amount of conditioned inhibition to develop?

Priming refers to a situation in which a CS or US

Rescorla and Wagner used the term V to represent

Which statement about priming is supported by the evidence?

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ is used to refer to the associative strength or the predictive value of the CS.

In practical terms, protection from extinction is least likely to occur if an excitatory fear CS is

Which operation in the Rescorla-Wagner model is most important?

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning, the

Which element in the Rescorla-Wagner model is responsible for the majority of its successes?

The process by which an event that is presented to a subject enters short-term memory is called _______-generated priming.

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 4: Theories of Conditioning

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning,

Inhibition, blocking, latent inhibition, and Hall-Pearce negative transfer all may occur when

The best description of the Rescorla-Wagner model's characterization of inhibition is that it is a signal

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, on each CS-US conditioning trial, the _______ becomes _______ surprising.

According to _______, one's attention to predictive stimuli decreases the more predictive these stimuli become.

The Pearce-Hall model

According to _______, adding stimuli to compounds has the same effect as removing stimuli from compounds.

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ is used to refer to change in associative strength on each successive conditioning trial.

Which set of phenomena did Wagner's SOP model explain that were not addressed by Rescorla-Wagner, Mackintosh, and Pearce-Hall?

An animal subject is removed from its home cage in a colony room and placed in a black box in a training room. Half of the floor of the box is a metal grid and half is made of solid wood. In which of the following situations would you expect the least amount of conditioned inhibition to develop?

Priming refers to a situation in which a CS or US

Rescorla and Wagner used the term V to represent

Which statement about priming is supported by the evidence?

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ is used to refer to the associative strength or the predictive value of the CS.

In practical terms, protection from extinction is least likely to occur if an excitatory fear CS is

Which operation in the Rescorla-Wagner model is most important?

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning, the

Which element in the Rescorla-Wagner model is responsible for the majority of its successes?

The process by which an event that is presented to a subject enters short-term memory is called _______-generated priming.

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, on each CS-US conditioning trial, the _ becomes _ surprising.