Question 1

Analyzing taste aversion's special properties leads to which troubling conclusion regarding the generality of laws of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Taste aversion appears just like any other learning phenomenon, thus there is no problem. 
B)  Learning evolves to deal with specific problems. 
C)  All learning is species specific, like freezing in rats. 
D)  A mechanism that solves one problem can be used to solver other problems 
A)  Taste aversion appears just like any other learning phenomenon, thus there is no problem. 
B)  Learning evolves to deal with specific problems. 
C)  All learning is species specific, like freezing in rats. 
D)  A mechanism that solves one problem can be used to solver other problems

Question 2

Sherry and Schacter (1987) argued that both specializations and generality can be expected from evolution. For this perspective to work,

Accepted Answer

A)  learning mechanisms must respond to the need to remember episodic events. 
B)  some learning functions must act as an exaptations and be useful in solving other functions. 
C)  all problems must have a similar underlying function. 
D)  generality must arise from specific solutions to general problems. 
A)  learning mechanisms must respond to the need to remember episodic events. 
B)  some learning functions must act as an exaptations and be useful in solving other functions. 
C)  all problems must have a similar underlying function. 
D)  generality must arise from specific solutions to general problems.

Question 3

Learning theorists have researched the application of models of classical conditioning to both categorical and causal learning. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning theorists treat effects that challenge the generality of laws of learning as opportunities to improve them. 
B)  Research demonstrating the ability to generalize the laws of learning from invertebrates to vertebrates has led psychologists to believe that it is possible to develop a single theory that will explain all learning phenomena. 
C)  The apparent differences between classical and instrumental conditioning have recently been demonstrated to be minimal. 
D)  Psychologists of human learning and memory have agreed that classical conditioning models provide parsimonious explanations of complex as well as simple forms of learning. 
A)  Learning theorists treat effects that challenge the generality of laws of learning as opportunities to improve them. 
B)  Research demonstrating the ability to generalize the laws of learning from invertebrates to vertebrates has led psychologists to believe that it is possible to develop a single theory that will explain all learning phenomena. 
C)  The apparent differences between classical and instrumental conditioning have recently been demonstrated to be minimal. 
D)  Psychologists of human learning and memory have agreed that classical conditioning models provide parsimonious explanations of complex as well as simple forms of learning.

Question 4

Identify a trait, not discussed in the textbook or in class that might be an exaptation and defend your answer.

Accepted Answer

A bear's claws are effective weapons of

Question 5

Hedonic shift implies that when Eric drinks too much tequila, which he finds delicious, and gets sick, the next time he encounters the flavor

Accepted Answer

A)  he will expect to get sick. 
B)  he will expect to get somewhat intoxicated. 
C)  he will not like the taste. 
D)  he continues drinking until his aversion is extinguished. 
A)  he will expect to get sick. 
B)  he will expect to get somewhat intoxicated. 
C)  he will not like the taste. 
D)  he continues drinking until his aversion is extinguished.

Question 6

Which assumption is most characteristic of ethologists?

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning regulates evolutionary change by enabling the problem solvers of the species to leave offspring. 
B)  Evolution and learning are mutually exclusive processes for adaptation. 
C)  Evolution and learning both result in adaptation, but evolution is more functional because behavior can be inherited. 
D)  Learning refines an animal's inherited behaviors and predispositions. 
A)  Learning regulates evolutionary change by enabling the problem solvers of the species to leave offspring. 
B)  Evolution and learning are mutually exclusive processes for adaptation. 
C)  Evolution and learning both result in adaptation, but evolution is more functional because behavior can be inherited. 
D)  Learning refines an animal's inherited behaviors and predispositions.

Question 7

Which phenomenon contains effects that appear inconsistent with the assumption that the laws of learning are general?

Accepted Answer

A)  Taste aversion learning 
B)  Blocking 
C)  Relative validity effects 
D)  Latent inhibition learning 
A)  Taste aversion learning 
B)  Blocking 
C)  Relative validity effects 
D)  Latent inhibition learning

Question 8

Which behavior provides the best example of what happens in a taste-reactivity test?

Accepted Answer

A)  The subject is willing to continue pressing the lever for a preferred food despite an ever-increasing response requirement to get the food (e.g., 5 presses, 15 presses, 40 presses). 
B)  The subject drinks more sweet-flavored water than plain water. 
C)  The subject produces disgust responses (e.g., a dog snorts, wrinkles nose, gapes, retches) when exposed to an unpleasant taste and pleasure responses (e.g., sniffing, salivating, licking mouth) when exposed to a pleasant taste. 
D)  The subject engages in approach responses when exposed to an appetitive outcome and withdrawal responses when exposed to an aversive outcome. 
A)  The subject is willing to continue pressing the lever for a preferred food despite an ever-increasing response requirement to get the food (e.g., 5 presses, 15 presses, 40 presses). 
B)  The subject drinks more sweet-flavored water than plain water. 
C)  The subject produces disgust responses (e.g., a dog snorts, wrinkles nose, gapes, retches) when exposed to an unpleasant taste and pleasure responses (e.g., sniffing, salivating, licking mouth) when exposed to a pleasant taste. 
D)  The subject engages in approach responses when exposed to an appetitive outcome and withdrawal responses when exposed to an aversive outcome.

Question 9

A successive negative contrast effect occurs when

Accepted Answer

A)  a subject is intermittently and unpredictably rewarded and punished for the same behavior. 
B)  the value of a given reward depends on a discrepancy between the reward that is received and the reward that was expected. 
C)  a subject first becomes addicted to a drug and then experiences withdrawal symptoms when deprived of the drug. 
D)  a subject that is well-behaved in a certain context misbehaves in a different context. 
A)  a subject is intermittently and unpredictably rewarded and punished for the same behavior. 
B)  the value of a given reward depends on a discrepancy between the reward that is received and the reward that was expected. 
C)  a subject first becomes addicted to a drug and then experiences withdrawal symptoms when deprived of the drug. 
D)  a subject that is well-behaved in a certain context misbehaves in a different context.

Question 10

What common learning phenomenon has yet to be demonstrated in honeybees? Discuss whether this failure is a challenge to learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Conditioned inhibition has not yet been

Question 11

Which phenomenon shows high selectivity in the nature of the CSs that can become signals for a given US?

Accepted Answer

A)  Higher-order conditioning 
B)  Priming 
C)  Latent inhibition learning 
D)  Taste aversion learning 
A)  Higher-order conditioning 
B)  Priming 
C)  Latent inhibition learning 
D)  Taste aversion learning

Question 12

An example of exaptation is the genetic transmission of

Accepted Answer

A)  darker pigmentation in the next generation of moths that live in polluted environments. 
B)  traits that have more than one function (e.g., fur keeps an animal warm but also provides camouflage). 
C)  a mutation (e.g., coloration, size) that might be adaptive for the next generation. 
D)  traits that decrease the survival chances in offspring (e.g., missing pigmentation, or albinism). 
A)  darker pigmentation in the next generation of moths that live in polluted environments. 
B)  traits that have more than one function (e.g., fur keeps an animal warm but also provides camouflage). 
C)  a mutation (e.g., coloration, size) that might be adaptive for the next generation. 
D)  traits that decrease the survival chances in offspring (e.g., missing pigmentation, or albinism).

Question 13

What is a "safe" taste, and how might you make a taste "safe" for a chemotherapy patient whose therapy-induced illness causes flavor aversions?

Accepted Answer

A safe flavor is one that does not produ

Question 14

An exaptation is

Accepted Answer

A)  an inherited functional trait that was not selected for the function it currently performs. 
B)  a stimulus whose salience is so weak that it cannot be conditioned or potentiated. 
C)  an inherited trait that gradually disappears because it is not adaptive in the long or short term. 
D)  a learned association that is so adaptive that it is passed on to each generation during parenting. 
A)  an inherited functional trait that was not selected for the function it currently performs. 
B)  a stimulus whose salience is so weak that it cannot be conditioned or potentiated. 
C)  an inherited trait that gradually disappears because it is not adaptive in the long or short term. 
D)  a learned association that is so adaptive that it is passed on to each generation during parenting.

Question 15

Challenges to learning theory produced by backward blocking

Accepted Answer

A)  pushed the majority of learning theory towards connectionist modeling. 
B)  expanded learning theory to deal with learning about stimuli that aren't physically present. 
C)  led to a decline in learning theory and an increase in the application of models from cognitive science. 
D)  had practically little impact once the challenges were solved 
A)  pushed the majority of learning theory towards connectionist modeling. 
B)  expanded learning theory to deal with learning about stimuli that aren't physically present. 
C)  led to a decline in learning theory and an increase in the application of models from cognitive science. 
D)  had practically little impact once the challenges were solved

Question 16

Why is the observation that all CRs are unique of value?

Accepted Answer

A)  It argues against the generality of laws of learning, leading to advances in understanding specialization. 
B)  It suggests that uniqueness is a function of the CS and US and how they occur together, rather than a result of special forms of learning. 
C)  It makes hedonic shift a prime example of where generality fails. 
D)  It suggests that not all CRs are a function of expecting the US. 
A)  It argues against the generality of laws of learning, leading to advances in understanding specialization. 
B)  It suggests that uniqueness is a function of the CS and US and how they occur together, rather than a result of special forms of learning. 
C)  It makes hedonic shift a prime example of where generality fails. 
D)  It suggests that not all CRs are a function of expecting the US.

Question 17

The term "hedonic shift" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  changed expectation that results from the shift from acquisition to extinction. 
B)  shift in expectation when an excitatory contingency is changed to an inhibitory contingency. 
C)  change in the stimuli used to cue the outcome in multiphase studies. 
D)  altered palatability of a flavor following its pairing with either pleasant or aversive outcomes. 
A)  changed expectation that results from the shift from acquisition to extinction. 
B)  shift in expectation when an excitatory contingency is changed to an inhibitory contingency. 
C)  change in the stimuli used to cue the outcome in multiphase studies. 
D)  altered palatability of a flavor following its pairing with either pleasant or aversive outcomes.

Question 18

Which is a correct definition of catastrophic interference in a connectionist model?

Accepted Answer

A)  The limitation on the number of nodes that can be activated simultaneously according to the number of features being processed 
B)  The elimination or destruction of feature node-category node connections when new information is learned involving those nodes 
C)  The blocking of a substantial number of nearby feature node-category node connections when other feature node-category node connections are activated 
D)  The tendency for faulty connections to develop as the number of simultaneously activated feature nodes and category nodes increases 
A)  The limitation on the number of nodes that can be activated simultaneously according to the number of features being processed 
B)  The elimination or destruction of feature node-category node connections when new information is learned involving those nodes 
C)  The blocking of a substantial number of nearby feature node-category node connections when other feature node-category node connections are activated 
D)  The tendency for faulty connections to develop as the number of simultaneously activated feature nodes and category nodes increases

Question 19

Which outcome could suggest that a flavor's hedonic value has shifted, not that the flavor has become a signal for the US?

Accepted Answer

A)  The subject consumes less of a flavor associated with illness and more of a flavor paired with calories. 
B)  The subject's consumption of a flavor after conditioning is unchanged, despite inflation or devaluation of the training US. 
C)  The subject's preference for, or dislike of, a flavor is successfully reversed through counter-conditioning. 
D)  The subject's preference for, or dislike of, a flavor after conditioning is changed when the value of the training US is modified. 
A)  The subject consumes less of a flavor associated with illness and more of a flavor paired with calories. 
B)  The subject's consumption of a flavor after conditioning is unchanged, despite inflation or devaluation of the training US. 
C)  The subject's preference for, or dislike of, a flavor is successfully reversed through counter-conditioning. 
D)  The subject's preference for, or dislike of, a flavor after conditioning is changed when the value of the training US is modified.

Question 20

What have we learned about backward blocking through the extension of theories derived from animal learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Backward blocking is only demonstrated when subjects extract a rule instead of learning a simple association. 
B)  Humans demonstrate backward blocking effects, but some non-human animals show backward blocking only when the stimuli are biologically significant. 
C)  Existing animal conditioning models cannot explain backward blocking effects. 
D)  Backward blocking can occur when people learn about remembered events. 
A)  Backward blocking is only demonstrated when subjects extract a rule instead of learning a simple association. 
B)  Humans demonstrate backward blocking effects, but some non-human animals show backward blocking only when the stimuli are biologically significant. 
C)  Existing animal conditioning models cannot explain backward blocking effects. 
D)  Backward blocking can occur when people learn about remembered events.

Analyzing taste aversion's special properties leads to which troubling conclusion regarding the generality of laws of learning?

Sherry and Schacter (1987) argued that both specializations and generality can be expected from evolution. For this perspective to work,

Learning theorists have researched the application of models of classical conditioning to both categorical and causal learning. Why?

Identify a trait, not discussed in the textbook or in class that might be an exaptation and defend your answer.

Hedonic shift implies that when Eric drinks too much tequila, which he finds delicious, and gets sick, the next time he encounters the flavor

Which assumption is most characteristic of ethologists?

Which phenomenon contains effects that appear inconsistent with the assumption that the laws of learning are general?

Which behavior provides the best example of what happens in a taste-reactivity test?

A successive negative contrast effect occurs when

What common learning phenomenon has yet to be demonstrated in honeybees? Discuss whether this failure is a challenge to learning theory.

Which phenomenon shows high selectivity in the nature of the CSs that can become signals for a given US?

An example of exaptation is the genetic transmission of

What is a "safe" taste, and how might you make a taste "safe" for a chemotherapy patient whose therapy-induced illness causes flavor aversions?

An exaptation is

Challenges to learning theory produced by backward blocking

Why is the observation that all CRs are unique of value?

The term "hedonic shift" refers to the

Which is a correct definition of catastrophic interference in a connectionist model?

Which outcome could suggest that a flavor's hedonic value has shifted, not that the flavor has become a signal for the US?

What have we learned about backward blocking through the extension of theories derived from animal learning?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 6: Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Analyzing taste aversion's special properties leads to which troubling conclusion regarding the generality of laws of learning?

Sherry and Schacter (1987) argued that both specializations and generality can be expected from evolution. For this perspective to work,

Learning theorists have researched the application of models of classical conditioning to both categorical and causal learning. Why?

Identify a trait, not discussed in the textbook or in class that might be an exaptation and defend your answer.

Hedonic shift implies that when Eric drinks too much tequila, which he finds delicious, and gets sick, the next time he encounters the flavor

Which assumption is most characteristic of ethologists?

Which phenomenon contains effects that appear inconsistent with the assumption that the laws of learning are general?

Which behavior provides the best example of what happens in a taste-reactivity test?

A successive negative contrast effect occurs when

What common learning phenomenon has yet to be demonstrated in honeybees? Discuss whether this failure is a challenge to learning theory.

Which phenomenon shows high selectivity in the nature of the CSs that can become signals for a given US?

An example of exaptation is the genetic transmission of

What is a "safe" taste, and how might you make a taste "safe" for a chemotherapy patient whose therapy-induced illness causes flavor aversions?

An exaptation is

Challenges to learning theory produced by backward blocking

Why is the observation that all CRs are unique of value?

The term "hedonic shift" refers to the

Which is a correct definition of catastrophic interference in a connectionist model?

Which outcome could suggest that a flavor's hedonic value has shifted, not that the flavor has become a signal for the US?

What have we learned about backward blocking through the extension of theories derived from animal learning?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters