Question 1

Which term does not belong with the others?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interim behaviors 
B)  Adjunctive behaviors 
C)  Displacement behaviors 
D)  Recuperative behaviors 
A)  Interim behaviors 
B)  Adjunctive behaviors 
C)  Displacement behaviors 
D)  Recuperative behaviors

Question 2

Which of the following students would be least likely to attend a test review or tutoring session before a test?

Accepted Answer

A)  A student with a 1.5/4.0 grade point average 
B)  A student with a 2.5/4.0 grade point average 
C)  A student with a 3.5/4.0 grade point average 
D)  A student with a 4.0/4.0 grade point average 
A)  A student with a 1.5/4.0 grade point average 
B)  A student with a 2.5/4.0 grade point average 
C)  A student with a 3.5/4.0 grade point average 
D)  A student with a 4.0/4.0 grade point average

Question 3

In Pavlovian learning, changing the value of O changes the CR to S. In instrumental learning, changing the value of O

Accepted Answer

A)  has no effect on R. 
B)  affects R unless the incentive value of O has been changed. 
C)  affects R only when R and O are signaled by and S. 
D)  changes the motivation to respond. 
A)  has no effect on R. 
B)  affects R unless the incentive value of O has been changed. 
C)  affects R only when R and O are signaled by and S. 
D)  changes the motivation to respond.

Question 4

Which statement about S-O, R-O and S-(R-O) associations is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  S-O must be formed first, followed by R-O and then S-(R-O). 
B)  R-O is formed before S-(R-O), but after S-O. 
C)  Though they may be learned at different rates, they are assumed to be learned in parallel. 
D)  R-O is necessary to motivate S-O. 
A)  S-O must be formed first, followed by R-O and then S-(R-O). 
B)  R-O is formed before S-(R-O), but after S-O. 
C)  Though they may be learned at different rates, they are assumed to be learned in parallel. 
D)  R-O is necessary to motivate S-O.

Question 5

A recuperative behavior is a

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexive defense response. 
B)  response that promotes healing. 
C)  displacement behavior that occurs when avoidance is prevented. 
D)  defense response with several options (e.g., flight, freeze, attack). 
A)  reflexive defense response. 
B)  response that promotes healing. 
C)  displacement behavior that occurs when avoidance is prevented. 
D)  defense response with several options (e.g., flight, freeze, attack).

Question 6

According to Bolles' analysis of SSDRs, two easily learned avoidance responses would be

Accepted Answer

A)  attacking the warning signal or freezing. 
B)  freezing or jumping a hurdle to get away from the warning signal. 
C)  jumping a hurdle to get away from the warning signal or attacking it. 
D)  jumping a hurdle to get away from the warning signal or emitting a vocalization. 
A)  attacking the warning signal or freezing. 
B)  freezing or jumping a hurdle to get away from the warning signal. 
C)  jumping a hurdle to get away from the warning signal or attacking it. 
D)  jumping a hurdle to get away from the warning signal or emitting a vocalization.

Question 7

Learned irrelevance is a

Accepted Answer

A)  combination of Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning that results in an extremely inhibitory CS that blocks instrumental learning. 
B)  situation in which exposure to a zero contingency between a CS and US interferes with future learning. 
C)  type of blocking effect that occurs in multistage instrumental conditioning procedures in which learning one response reduces the ability to learn a second response. 
D)  type of discrimination procedure in which the two stimuli that serve as the SD and SΔ are reversed across training phases so frequently that the subject comes to ignore both stimuli. 
A)  combination of Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning that results in an extremely inhibitory CS that blocks instrumental learning. 
B)  situation in which exposure to a zero contingency between a CS and US interferes with future learning. 
C)  type of blocking effect that occurs in multistage instrumental conditioning procedures in which learning one response reduces the ability to learn a second response. 
D)  type of discrimination procedure in which the two stimuli that serve as the SD and SΔ are reversed across training phases so frequently that the subject comes to ignore both stimuli.

Question 8

What is the main function of the response in the perceptual-defensive-recuperative model?

Accepted Answer

A)  To prepare the organism to encounter a threat 
B)  To prevent the animal from reaching the next step of the danger imminence continuum 
C)  To elicit SSDRs 
D)  To preserve other motivational states 
A)  To prepare the organism to encounter a threat 
B)  To prevent the animal from reaching the next step of the danger imminence continuum 
C)  To elicit SSDRs 
D)  To preserve other motivational states

Question 9

If a warning stimulus remains on after the avoidance response, avoidance learning can be facilitated by

Accepted Answer

A)  using spaced versus massed trial training procedures. 
B)  presenting another stimulus right after the response. 
C)  presenting a Pavlovian excitatory CS when the response occurs. 
D)  presenting the aversive stimulus after the warning stimulus, as in an ordinary conditioning trial. 
A)  using spaced versus massed trial training procedures. 
B)  presenting another stimulus right after the response. 
C)  presenting a Pavlovian excitatory CS when the response occurs. 
D)  presenting the aversive stimulus after the warning stimulus, as in an ordinary conditioning trial.

Question 10

After receiving bad computer advice from Mike, who you have a habit of calling for help, you continue to catch yourself dialing his number when you need help. Though frustrating, you should be grateful because

Accepted Answer

A)  habit ensures that you continue behaviors that have paid off in the past so they don't have to be relearned if they become rewarding again. 
B)  S-R associations free working memory that can be devoted to new problems. 
C)  S-O associations are only functional with stable outcomes. 
D)  R-O associations are working-memory intensive. 
A)  habit ensures that you continue behaviors that have paid off in the past so they don't have to be relearned if they become rewarding again. 
B)  S-R associations free working memory that can be devoted to new problems. 
C)  S-O associations are only functional with stable outcomes. 
D)  R-O associations are working-memory intensive.

Question 11

The perceptual-defensive-recuperative model assumes that

Accepted Answer

A)  the motivational state of fear will enhance pain and trigger other behaviors. 
B)  only predators or natural events (e.g., thunder) will elicit SSDRs. 
C)  SSDRs elicit recuperative behaviors and the production of endorphins. 
D)  stimuli in the environment determine the particular SSDR that occurs. 
A)  the motivational state of fear will enhance pain and trigger other behaviors. 
B)  only predators or natural events (e.g., thunder) will elicit SSDRs. 
C)  SSDRs elicit recuperative behaviors and the production of endorphins. 
D)  stimuli in the environment determine the particular SSDR that occurs.

Question 12

Travis's partner cheated on him. Once a powerful reinforcer his partner, has been "devalued." After a long day of work on Friday, Travis suddenly finds that he has driven to his partner's house. This behavior was likely the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  S-O associations. 
B)  R-O associations. 
C)  S-(R-O) associations. 
D)  S-R associations. 
A)  S-O associations. 
B)  R-O associations. 
C)  S-(R-O) associations. 
D)  S-R associations.

Question 13

Which statement about punishment is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment has mixed effectiveness in shaping because the contingency can produce either an S-O or an R-O association. 
B)  Punishment may result in the suppression of behaviors that are not linked to punishment. 
C)  The S-O and R-O associations are acquired at the same rate, but the specific association that occurs depends on the SSDR elicited by the aversive outcome. 
D)  Pavlovian associations are the easier to learn and the elicited behavior is coincidental to the instrumental contingency. 
A)  Punishment has mixed effectiveness in shaping because the contingency can produce either an S-O or an R-O association. 
B)  Punishment may result in the suppression of behaviors that are not linked to punishment. 
C)  The S-O and R-O associations are acquired at the same rate, but the specific association that occurs depends on the SSDR elicited by the aversive outcome. 
D)  Pavlovian associations are the easier to learn and the elicited behavior is coincidental to the instrumental contingency.

Question 14

According to two-factor theory, you are more likely to slow down when a police car pulls up behind you if the police car

Accepted Answer

A)  continues to follow you for some distance after you slow down. 
B)  turns off onto another road as soon as you slow down. 
C)  follows you and then turn on its blue lights. 
D)  intermittently flashes its lights. 
A)  continues to follow you for some distance after you slow down. 
B)  turns off onto another road as soon as you slow down. 
C)  follows you and then turn on its blue lights. 
D)  intermittently flashes its lights.

Question 15

Which scenario illustrates the concept of instinctive drift?

Accepted Answer

A)  A cat that has been trained to do a "handstand" on its two front legs always meows while performing the trick. 
B)  A raccoon is trained to "do laundry" by picking up a cloth out of a basket and then "washing" it in a small tub of water. 
C)  A dog that has been trained to bark on command for a treat licks the trainer instead of barking in response to the "bark" command. 
D)  A pet canary sings whenever its owner places a mirror inside the cage. 
A)  A cat that has been trained to do a "handstand" on its two front legs always meows while performing the trick. 
B)  A raccoon is trained to "do laundry" by picking up a cloth out of a basket and then "washing" it in a small tub of water. 
C)  A dog that has been trained to bark on command for a treat licks the trainer instead of barking in response to the "bark" command. 
D)  A pet canary sings whenever its owner places a mirror inside the cage.

Question 16

Learned helplessness is essentially a procedure in which subjects experience

Accepted Answer

A)  intense punishment unless they remain still or passive. 
B)  aversive events that cannot be prevented or controlled. 
C)  unsignaled avoidance using a contraprepared behavior. 
D)  avoidance tasks in which the warning stimuli change over time. 
A)  intense punishment unless they remain still or passive. 
B)  aversive events that cannot be prevented or controlled. 
C)  unsignaled avoidance using a contraprepared behavior. 
D)  avoidance tasks in which the warning stimuli change over time.

Question 17

How can a behavior systems approach explain the "misbehavior" of organisms?

Accepted Answer

According to behavior systems, the respo

Question 18

Which statement regarding modern theories of avoidance learning is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The explicit biological emphasis on SSDRs is inconsistent with the cognitive emphasis on memory and attention. 
B)  Theories of avoidance learning have become more ethological in approach. 
C)  Pavlovian theories and sign tracking are increasingly emphasized as significant factors in avoidance responding. 
D)  Warning-signal termination is crucial for reinforcement by fear reduction when avoidance behaviors are not SSDRs. 
A)  The explicit biological emphasis on SSDRs is inconsistent with the cognitive emphasis on memory and attention. 
B)  Theories of avoidance learning have become more ethological in approach. 
C)  Pavlovian theories and sign tracking are increasingly emphasized as significant factors in avoidance responding. 
D)  Warning-signal termination is crucial for reinforcement by fear reduction when avoidance behaviors are not SSDRs.

Question 19

An SSDR is a _______ response.

Accepted Answer

A)  species-specific displacement 
B)  species-specific defense 
C)  single-stimulus discrimination 
D)  stimulus-sensitization disgust 
A)  species-specific displacement 
B)  species-specific defense 
C)  single-stimulus discrimination 
D)  stimulus-sensitization disgust

Question 20

The Sidman avoidance procedure

Accepted Answer

A)  first conditions an escape response without a CS, then shifts to a Pavlovian conditioning phase of CS + aversive stimulus pairings, and then tests subjects by presenting the CS only in a third phase of training. 
B)  involves presenting a successive, overlapping three-stimulus compound avoidance CS (e.g., light F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 tone F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 clicking F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 shock) and measuring which CS is the strongest reinforcer for the avoidance response. 
C)  presents an uncued, fixed-duration aversive stimulus (e.g., shock) at regularly occurring or fixed intervals unless a response occurs in the time between the successive scheduled aversive stimulus presentations. 
D)  involves classically conditioning a response to an explicit stimulus, then extinguishing that explicit stimulus, and then using that extinguished stimulus as the avoidance CS in the instrumental phase. 
A)  first conditions an escape response without a CS, then shifts to a Pavlovian conditioning phase of CS + aversive stimulus pairings, and then tests subjects by presenting the CS only in a third phase of training. 
B)  involves presenting a successive, overlapping three-stimulus compound avoidance CS (e.g., light F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 tone F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 clicking F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 shock) and measuring which CS is the strongest reinforcer for the avoidance response. 
C)  presents an uncued, fixed-duration aversive stimulus (e.g., shock) at regularly occurring or fixed intervals unless a response occurs in the time between the successive scheduled aversive stimulus presentations. 
D)  involves classically conditioning a response to an explicit stimulus, then extinguishing that explicit stimulus, and then using that extinguished stimulus as the avoidance CS in the instrumental phase.

Which term does not belong with the others?

Which of the following students would be least likely to attend a test review or tutoring session before a test?

In Pavlovian learning, changing the value of O changes the CR to S. In instrumental learning, changing the value of O

Which statement about S-O, R-O and S-(R-O) associations is true?

A recuperative behavior is a

According to Bolles' analysis of SSDRs, two easily learned avoidance responses would be

Learned irrelevance is a

What is the main function of the response in the perceptual-defensive-recuperative model?

If a warning stimulus remains on after the avoidance response, avoidance learning can be facilitated by

After receiving bad computer advice from Mike, who you have a habit of calling for help, you continue to catch yourself dialing his number when you need help. Though frustrating, you should be grateful because

The perceptual-defensive-recuperative model assumes that

Travis's partner cheated on him. Once a powerful reinforcer his partner, has been "devalued." After a long day of work on Friday, Travis suddenly finds that he has driven to his partner's house. This behavior was likely the result of

Which statement about punishment is false?

According to two-factor theory, you are more likely to slow down when a police car pulls up behind you if the police car

Which scenario illustrates the concept of instinctive drift?

Learned helplessness is essentially a procedure in which subjects experience

How can a behavior systems approach explain the "misbehavior" of organisms?

Which statement regarding modern theories of avoidance learning is false?

An SSDR is a _______ response.

The Sidman avoidance procedure

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 10: A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Which term does not belong with the others?

Which of the following students would be least likely to attend a test review or tutoring session before a test?

In Pavlovian learning, changing the value of O changes the CR to S. In instrumental learning, changing the value of O

Which statement about S-O, R-O and S-(R-O) associations is true?

A recuperative behavior is a

According to Bolles' analysis of SSDRs, two easily learned avoidance responses would be

Learned irrelevance is a

What is the main function of the response in the perceptual-defensive-recuperative model?

If a warning stimulus remains on after the avoidance response, avoidance learning can be facilitated by

After receiving bad computer advice from Mike, who you have a habit of calling for help, you continue to catch yourself dialing his number when you need help. Though frustrating, you should be grateful because

The perceptual-defensive-recuperative model assumes that

Travis's partner cheated on him. Once a powerful reinforcer his partner, has been "devalued." After a long day of work on Friday, Travis suddenly finds that he has driven to his partner's house. This behavior was likely the result of

Which statement about punishment is false?

According to two-factor theory, you are more likely to slow down when a police car pulls up behind you if the police car

Which scenario illustrates the concept of instinctive drift?

Learned helplessness is essentially a procedure in which subjects experience

How can a behavior systems approach explain the "misbehavior" of organisms?

Which statement regarding modern theories of avoidance learning is false?

An SSDR is a _______ response.

The Sidman avoidance procedure

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

Filters