Exam 9: Developmental Theories: Life Course, Latent Trait, and Trajectory

According to latent trait theories, while the _____ to commit crime is stable, the opportunity to commit crime fluctuates over time.

Adolescents with a history of gang involvement are more likely to have been expelled from school, be binge drinkers, and test positive for marijuana.

What are the three pathways to crime identified by Loeber? Explain each of them.

A development theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories is the ___________.

According to latent trait theories, why are people who are antisocial during adolescence the most likely to persist in crime?

__________________ and Richard Herrnstein published Crime and Human Nature in 1985 and suggested that personal traits such as genetic makeup, intelligence, and body build may outweigh the importance of social variables as predictors of criminal activity.

Most life course theories assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts:

Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency indicates that crime and social relations are reciprocal. The way an individual reacts to constraints and motivations is shaped by five key elements of human development, called life domains.

_____ who have early experiences with antisocial behavior are the ones most likely to persist in such throughout their life course.

One flaw with life course theories is that as people mature they do not take into account things that influence behavior change as well.

One of the small group of offenders whose criminal career continues well into adulthood is known as:

The branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life course is known as:

Explain the process of aging out of crime.

Criminal conduct has been found to increase the chances of premature death due to both natural and unnatural causes, including deaths from accidents, homicide, and suicide.

Integrating ___________, social, and psychological elements, the Gluecks' research suggested that the initiation and continuity of a criminal career was a developmental process influenced by both internal and external situations, conditions, and circumstances.

According to research on persistence patterns, _______ traits rather than environmental traits seem to have the greatest influence on life course persistence.

Explain and discuss the general principles of the life course theory.

Criminogenic knowledge structure is the view that negative life events are connected and produce a hostile view of people and relationships, preference for immediate rewards, and a cynical view of conventional norms.

Policy-based initiatives based on premises of developmental theory typically feature multisystemic treatment efforts.

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the propensity to commit crime is tied directly to a person's level of __________________.