Question 1

In a within-subjects design,

Accepted Answer

A) changes within individual participants are studied. 
B) each participant serves in every experimental condition. 
C) participants are split into groups before being randomly assigned to conditions. 
D) the dependent variable is measured only once. 
A) changes within individual participants are studied. 
B) each participant serves in every experimental condition. 
C) participants are split into groups before being randomly assigned to conditions. 
D) the dependent variable is measured only once.

Question 2

Demand characteristics are

Accepted Answer

A) the experimenter's expectancies about what will happen in a study. 
B) placebo effects that occur in some experimental conditions but not others. 
C) cues that indicate to participants how they should behave. 
D) instructions that tell participants what to do in a study. 
A) the experimenter's expectancies about what will happen in a study. 
B) placebo effects that occur in some experimental conditions but not others. 
C) cues that indicate to participants how they should behave. 
D) instructions that tell participants what to do in a study.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a way to decrease error variance?

Accepted Answer

A) Hold all laboratory conditions constant 
B) Use a homogeneous sample 
C) Use reliable measures 
D) Use a double-blind procedure 
A) Hold all laboratory conditions constant 
B) Use a homogeneous sample 
C) Use reliable measures 
D) Use a double-blind procedure

Question 4

What are the three essential properties of a well-designed experiment?

Accepted Answer

The three essential properties of a well

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding independent variables is true?

Accepted Answer

A) They must involve qualitative variables. 
B) They must have two or more levels. 
C) They must be reliably measured. 
D) They must be held constant. 
A) They must involve qualitative variables. 
B) They must have two or more levels. 
C) They must be reliably measured. 
D) They must be held constant.

Question 6

When researchers use simple random assignment,

Accepted Answer

A) each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any experimental condition. 
B) participants are assigned to conditions on the basis of scores on a randomly chosen personality variable. 
C) the researcher can be certain that the groups do not differ. 
D) the same participant serves in more than one condition of the design. 
A) each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any experimental condition. 
B) participants are assigned to conditions on the basis of scores on a randomly chosen personality variable. 
C) the researcher can be certain that the groups do not differ. 
D) the same participant serves in more than one condition of the design.

Question 7

In the context of experimental research, a confederate is

Accepted Answer

A) an accomplice of the researcher who poses as another participant. 
B) an independent variable that is measured rather than manipulated. 
C) a cue that indicates to participants how they should respond. 
D) a confounding variable that differs between experimental conditions. 
A) an accomplice of the researcher who poses as another participant. 
B) an independent variable that is measured rather than manipulated. 
C) a cue that indicates to participants how they should respond. 
D) a confounding variable that differs between experimental conditions.

Question 8

Independent variable is to subject variable as __________ is to

Accepted Answer

A) manipulated; measured. 
B) varied; held constant. 
C) randomized; controlled. 
D) measured; assigned. 
A) manipulated; measured. 
B) varied; held constant. 
C) randomized; controlled. 
D) measured; assigned.

Question 9

Which of the following is used in a randomized groups design?

Accepted Answer

A) Random sampling 
B) Repeated measures 
C) Counterbalancing 
D) Random assignment 
A) Random sampling 
B) Repeated measures 
C) Counterbalancing 
D) Random assignment

Question 10

Contrast simple random assignment with matched random assignment as ways of assigning participants to experimental conditions.

Accepted Answer

Simple random assignment involves random

Question 11

Treatment variance

Accepted Answer

A) cannot be distinguished from confound variance. 
B) threatens the internal validity of an experiment. 
C) should be eliminated. 
D) reflects unsystematic differences among participants. 
A) cannot be distinguished from confound variance. 
B) threatens the internal validity of an experiment. 
C) should be eliminated. 
D) reflects unsystematic differences among participants.

Question 12

Why must confounding be eliminated in all experiments?

Accepted Answer

Confounding must be eliminated, or at le

Question 13

When measuring the dependent variable prior to the independent variable causes participants to respond differently to the independent variable than they would have otherwise, _______ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) differential attrition 
B) pretest sensitization 
C) a carryover effect 
D) a selection threat 
A) differential attrition 
B) pretest sensitization 
C) a carryover effect 
D) a selection threat

Question 14

In an experiment, the dependent variable is

Accepted Answer

A) held constant. 
B) manipulated by the researcher. 
C) allowed to vary randomly. 
D) measured. 
A) held constant. 
B) manipulated by the researcher. 
C) allowed to vary randomly. 
D) measured.

Question 15

Internal validity is increased by the absence of

Accepted Answer

A) randomization. 
B) treatment variance. 
C) confounding. 
D) control. 
A) randomization. 
B) treatment variance. 
C) confounding. 
D) control.

Question 16

What is an independent variable? A dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

An independent variable is a variable th

Question 17

In an experiment, the independent variable is

Accepted Answer

A) measured. 
B) eliminated. 
C) held constant. 
D) manipulated. 
A) measured. 
B) eliminated. 
C) held constant. 
D) manipulated.

Question 18

When participants' behavior is affected by their expectations, _________ occurs.

Accepted Answer

A) a carryover effect 
B) differential attrition 
C) pretest sensitization 
D) a placebo effect 
A) a carryover effect 
B) differential attrition 
C) pretest sensitization 
D) a placebo effect

Question 19

In experimental research, researchers regard _______ as more important than

Accepted Answer

A) independent variables; dependent variables. 
B) error variance; confounding variance. 
C) internal validity; external validity. 
D) systemization; randomization. 
A) independent variables; dependent variables. 
B) error variance; confounding variance. 
C) internal validity; external validity. 
D) systemization; randomization.

Question 20

Distinguish among treatment, confound, and error variance.

Accepted Answer

In the context of experimental research,

In a within-subjects design,

Demand characteristics are

Which of the following is not a way to decrease error variance?

What are the three essential properties of a well-designed experiment?

Which of the following statements regarding independent variables is true?

When researchers use simple random assignment,

In the context of experimental research, a confederate is

Independent variable is to subject variable as __________ is to

Which of the following is used in a randomized groups design?

Contrast simple random assignment with matched random assignment as ways of assigning participants to experimental conditions.

Treatment variance

Why must confounding be eliminated in all experiments?

When measuring the dependent variable prior to the independent variable causes participants to respond differently to the independent variable than they would have otherwise, _______ has occurred.

In an experiment, the dependent variable is

Internal validity is increased by the absence of

What is an independent variable? A dependent variable?

In an experiment, the independent variable is

When participants' behavior is affected by their expectations, _________ occurs.

In experimental research, researchers regard _______ as more important than

Distinguish among treatment, confound, and error variance.

Research in the Behavioral Sciences

Behavioral Variability and Research

The Measurement of Behavior

Approaches to Psychological Measurement

Selecting Research Participants

Descriptive Research

Correlational Research

Advanced Correlational Strategies

Experimental Design

Analyzing Experimental Data: Basic Concepts

Statistical Analysis

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Case Research

Ethical Issues in Behavioral Research

Scientific Writing

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Exam 9: Basic Issues in Experimental Research

In a within-subjects design,

Demand characteristics are

Which of the following is not a way to decrease error variance?

What are the three essential properties of a well-designed experiment?

Which of the following statements regarding independent variables is true?

When researchers use simple random assignment,

In the context of experimental research, a confederate is

Independent variable is to subject variable as __________ is to

Which of the following is used in a randomized groups design?

Contrast simple random assignment with matched random assignment as ways of assigning participants to experimental conditions.

Treatment variance

Why must confounding be eliminated in all experiments?

When measuring the dependent variable prior to the independent variable causes participants to respond differently to the independent variable than they would have otherwise, _______ has occurred.

In an experiment, the dependent variable is

Internal validity is increased by the absence of

What is an independent variable? A dependent variable?

In an experiment, the independent variable is

When participants' behavior is affected by their expectations, _________ occurs.

In experimental research, researchers regard _______ as more important than

Distinguish among treatment, confound, and error variance.

Research in the Behavioral Sciences

Behavioral Variability and Research

The Measurement of Behavior

Approaches to Psychological Measurement

Selecting Research Participants

Descriptive Research

Correlational Research

Advanced Correlational Strategies

Experimental Design

Analyzing Experimental Data: Basic Concepts

Statistical Analysis

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Case Research

Ethical Issues in Behavioral Research

Scientific Writing

Filters