Question 1

Popular resistance to an authoritarian state in the postwar world was not reflected by

Accepted Answer

A)  a series of strikes by teachers and railroad workers led by Demetrio Vallejo. 
B)  a riot of working class fans at the funeral of Pedro Infante, a popular singer and film star. 
C)  the automobile workers' 1965 strike against General Motors of Mexico. 
D)  the increasing popularity of rock n' roll among Mexican youth. 
A)  a series of strikes by teachers and railroad workers led by Demetrio Vallejo. 
B)  a riot of working class fans at the funeral of Pedro Infante, a popular singer and film star. 
C)  the automobile workers' 1965 strike against General Motors of Mexico. 
D)  the increasing popularity of rock n' roll among Mexican youth. C

Question 2

What role did popular culture play in shaping resistance to state and private sector modernization programs?

Accepted Answer

Popular culture played a significant role in shaping resistance to state and private sector modernization programs in several ways. Firstly, popular culture, including music, art, and literature, often served as a platform for expressing dissent and criticism of modernization efforts. For example, protest songs and political art often conveyed messages of resistance to the changes being imposed by the state and private sector.

Additionally, popular culture also helped to mobilize and unite people against modernization programs. Cultural events, such as concerts or festivals, provided opportunities for like-minded individuals to come together, share their grievances, and organize resistance movements. This sense of community and solidarity fostered by popular culture was crucial in building opposition to modernization efforts.

Moreover, popular culture served as a means of preserving traditional values and practices that were threatened by modernization. Through traditional music, storytelling, and other cultural expressions, communities were able to reaffirm their identity and resist the homogenizing effects of modernization.

Overall, popular culture played a pivotal role in shaping resistance to state and private sector modernization programs by providing a platform for dissent, mobilizing communities, and preserving traditional values. It served as a powerful tool for expressing and organizing opposition to the changes being imposed on society.

Question 3

An important role in the conspiracy to overthrow Madero was played by

Accepted Answer

A)  Emiliano Zapata. 
B)  Henry Lane Wilson. 
C)  Pino Suárez. 
D)  León de la Barra. 
A)  Emiliano Zapata. 
B)  Henry Lane Wilson. 
C)  Pino Suárez. 
D)  León de la Barra. B

Question 4

Evaluate the achievements of the Cárdenas era, noting its positive and negative aspects.

Accepted Answer

The Cárdenas era in Mexico, which lasted

Question 5

By the late 1960s, Mexico abandoned many of its populist reforms and became dependent on

Accepted Answer

A)  dictatorial decrees that empowered government bureaucrats. 
B)  a neoliberal dictatorship that crushed all political opposition. 
C)  foreign loans that increased its foreign debt alarmingly. 
D)  relatively high agricultural and mineral export prices. 
A)  dictatorial decrees that empowered government bureaucrats. 
B)  a neoliberal dictatorship that crushed all political opposition. 
C)  foreign loans that increased its foreign debt alarmingly. 
D)  relatively high agricultural and mineral export prices.

Question 6

The differences between the agrarian programs of Villa and Zapata may in part be explained by the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  Zapata was better educated than Villa. 
B)  the economy of northern Mexico was based not on agriculture but on cattle raising. 
C)  Villa was influenced by his radical advisers. 
D)  peasant land hunger was much more acute in the north. 
A)  Zapata was better educated than Villa. 
B)  the economy of northern Mexico was based not on agriculture but on cattle raising. 
C)  Villa was influenced by his radical advisers. 
D)  peasant land hunger was much more acute in the north.

Question 7

The United States initially supported Madero because

Accepted Answer

A)  Díaz had recently given indications that he was hostile toward the United States. 
B)  Díaz's violations of human rights met with U.S. disfavor. 
C)  Madero had promised to favor U.S. capitalists in the grant of oil concessions. 
D)  Madero was a close personal friend of Woodrow Wilson. 
A)  Díaz had recently given indications that he was hostile toward the United States. 
B)  Díaz's violations of human rights met with U.S. disfavor. 
C)  Madero had promised to favor U.S. capitalists in the grant of oil concessions. 
D)  Madero was a close personal friend of Woodrow Wilson.

Question 8

The Avándaro music festival in 1971 provided an opportunity for

Accepted Answer

A)  middle- and upper-class jipitecas to join foreign "hippies" in protest of modernity. 
B)  the Mexican state to support rock n' roll music as a symbol of its modernity. 
C)  the Mexican government to promote its "Die Elvis Presley" campaign. 
D)  working class youth to voice their view that "rock is about revolution." 
A)  middle- and upper-class jipitecas to join foreign "hippies" in protest of modernity. 
B)  the Mexican state to support rock n' roll music as a symbol of its modernity. 
C)  the Mexican government to promote its "Die Elvis Presley" campaign. 
D)  working class youth to voice their view that "rock is about revolution."

Question 9

Despite the shifting attitude of the United States toward some of the main actors in the Mexican Revolution, there was a basic consistency in U.S. policy regarding the revolution. How would you define that policy?

Accepted Answer

The basic consistency in U.S. policy reg

Question 10

There appears to be a paradox in the fact that the Mexican artistic Renaissance, as reflected in the work of such radical, anti-imperialist artists as Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros, was generously supported by such moderate politicians as Obregón and Calles. Can you explain?

Accepted Answer

The paradox of the Mexican artistic Rena

Question 11

Madero's admirers called him the Apostle of Democracy. Describe Madero's conception of democracy, with particular reference to social and economic content. Given this idea of democracy, why was a break between Madero and Zapata almost inevitable?

Accepted Answer

Madero's conception of democracy was roo

Question 12

During World War II, Article 27 of the Constitution was revised to

Accepted Answer

A)  expand the number of indigenous ejidos. 
B)  exempt large landowners from further expropriation. 
C)  discourage foreign trade and investment in Mexico. 
D)  eliminate property, gender, and literacy qualifications for voting. 
A)  expand the number of indigenous ejidos. 
B)  exempt large landowners from further expropriation. 
C)  discourage foreign trade and investment in Mexico. 
D)  eliminate property, gender, and literacy qualifications for voting.

Question 13

In the closing years of his presidency, Cárdenas

Accepted Answer

A)  increased the pace of land distribution. 
B)  toughened his stance toward the capitalist class. 
C)  groomed General Francisco Múgica to succeed him as president. 
D)  displayed growing moderation in his social and economic policies. 
A)  increased the pace of land distribution. 
B)  toughened his stance toward the capitalist class. 
C)  groomed General Francisco Múgica to succeed him as president. 
D)  displayed growing moderation in his social and economic policies.

Question 14

Juana Gutiérrez de Mendoza and Dolores Jiménez were

Accepted Answer

A)  wealthy aristocratic women who supported Porfirio Díaz. 
B)  revolutionary activists in a feminist working class group, Daughters of Cuauhtémoc. 
C)  radical feminists who advocated sexual equality and "free love." 
D)  middle class radicals who insisted that Mexican women receive exactly the same treatment as men. 
A)  wealthy aristocratic women who supported Porfirio Díaz. 
B)  revolutionary activists in a feminist working class group, Daughters of Cuauhtémoc. 
C)  radical feminists who advocated sexual equality and "free love." 
D)  middle class radicals who insisted that Mexican women receive exactly the same treatment as men.

Question 15

A major cause of the failure of the peasant revolutionaries to come to power was

Accepted Answer

A)  the superior military resources of the Constitutionalists. 
B)  U.S. hostility to Zapata and Villa because of their expropriation of foreign properties. 
C)  personal conflicts between Villa and Zapata. 
D)  their inability to forge a reform program to unite workers, peasants, and the middle class. 
A)  the superior military resources of the Constitutionalists. 
B)  U.S. hostility to Zapata and Villa because of their expropriation of foreign properties. 
C)  personal conflicts between Villa and Zapata. 
D)  their inability to forge a reform program to unite workers, peasants, and the middle class.

Question 16

The principal vehicle of the Cárdenas land reform was

Accepted Answer

A)  the ejido. 
B)  the collective ejido. 
C)  the rancho. 
D)  the state farm. 
A)  the ejido. 
B)  the collective ejido. 
C)  the rancho. 
D)  the state farm.

Question 17

Cárdenas's oil nationalization

Accepted Answer

A)  was the first of a series of large-scale expropriations of foreign properties. 
B)  reflected Cárdenas's socialist ideology. 
C)  was a major victory for Mexican nationalism and capitalism. 
D)  caused a serious disruption of the Mexican oil industry. 
A)  was the first of a series of large-scale expropriations of foreign properties. 
B)  reflected Cárdenas's socialist ideology. 
C)  was a major victory for Mexican nationalism and capitalism. 
D)  caused a serious disruption of the Mexican oil industry.

Question 18

Francisco Madero's program for Mexico

Accepted Answer

A)  called for the violent overthrow of Porfirio Díaz. 
B)  called for a reduction of U.S. influence over the Mexican economy. 
C)  proclaimed the need for a radical land reform. 
D)  regarded democracy as an instrument of social control. 
A)  called for the violent overthrow of Porfirio Díaz. 
B)  called for a reduction of U.S. influence over the Mexican economy. 
C)  proclaimed the need for a radical land reform. 
D)  regarded democracy as an instrument of social control.

Question 19

Some radical activists who demanded social justice nonetheless opposed women's suffrage because they feared that

Accepted Answer

A)  women's political equality would undermine working class men's authority in the home. 
B)  it would divide the revolutionary coalition and enable the reactionary Díaz regime to return to power. 
C)  the vast majority of Mexican women would be influenced by the Catholic Church to vote for conservatives. 
D)  it would be unpopular in rural communities, where some 70 percent of Mexico's people still resided. 
A)  women's political equality would undermine working class men's authority in the home. 
B)  it would divide the revolutionary coalition and enable the reactionary Díaz regime to return to power. 
C)  the vast majority of Mexican women would be influenced by the Catholic Church to vote for conservatives. 
D)  it would be unpopular in rural communities, where some 70 percent of Mexico's people still resided.

Question 20

Venustiano Carranza, a moderate bourgeois revolutionary, believed in women's "natural inequality," but he

Accepted Answer

A)  joined with the Catholic Church to oppose women's civil and political equality. 
B)  supported a constitutional amendment to enfranchise women. 
C)  vetoed a law that gave women equal rights to exercise guardianship and child custody, file lawsuits, and sign contracts. 
D)  sought their support by legalizing divorce, establishing alimony, and authorizing women to own and manage property. 
A)  joined with the Catholic Church to oppose women's civil and political equality. 
B)  supported a constitutional amendment to enfranchise women. 
C)  vetoed a law that gave women equal rights to exercise guardianship and child custody, file lawsuits, and sign contracts. 
D)  sought their support by legalizing divorce, establishing alimony, and authorizing women to own and manage property.

Popular resistance to an authoritarian state in the postwar world was not reflected by

What role did popular culture play in shaping resistance to state and private sector modernization programs?

An important role in the conspiracy to overthrow Madero was played by

Evaluate the achievements of the Cárdenas era, noting its positive and negative aspects.

By the late 1960s, Mexico abandoned many of its populist reforms and became dependent on

The differences between the agrarian programs of Villa and Zapata may in part be explained by the fact that

The United States initially supported Madero because

The Avándaro music festival in 1971 provided an opportunity for

Despite the shifting attitude of the United States toward some of the main actors in the Mexican Revolution, there was a basic consistency in U.S. policy regarding the revolution. How would you define that policy?

Madero's admirers called him the Apostle of Democracy. Describe Madero's conception of democracy, with particular reference to social and economic content. Given this idea of democracy, why was a break between Madero and Zapata almost inevitable?

During World War II, Article 27 of the Constitution was revised to

In the closing years of his presidency, Cárdenas

Juana Gutiérrez de Mendoza and Dolores Jiménez were

A major cause of the failure of the peasant revolutionaries to come to power was

The principal vehicle of the Cárdenas land reform was

Cárdenas's oil nationalization

Francisco Madero's program for Mexico

Some radical activists who demanded social justice nonetheless opposed women's suffrage because they feared that

Venustiano Carranza, a moderate bourgeois revolutionary, believed in women's "natural inequality," but he

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Exam 4: Forging a New Nation: the Mexican Revolution and the Populist Challenge

Popular resistance to an authoritarian state in the postwar world was not reflected by

What role did popular culture play in shaping resistance to state and private sector modernization programs?

An important role in the conspiracy to overthrow Madero was played by

Evaluate the achievements of the Cárdenas era, noting its positive and negative aspects.

By the late 1960s, Mexico abandoned many of its populist reforms and became dependent on

The differences between the agrarian programs of Villa and Zapata may in part be explained by the fact that

The United States initially supported Madero because

The Avándaro music festival in 1971 provided an opportunity for

Despite the shifting attitude of the United States toward some of the main actors in the Mexican Revolution, there was a basic consistency in U.S. policy regarding the revolution. How would you define that policy?

Madero's admirers called him the Apostle of Democracy. Describe Madero's conception of democracy, with particular reference to social and economic content. Given this idea of democracy, why was a break between Madero and Zapata almost inevitable?

During World War II, Article 27 of the Constitution was revised to

In the closing years of his presidency, Cárdenas

Juana Gutiérrez de Mendoza and Dolores Jiménez were

A major cause of the failure of the peasant revolutionaries to come to power was

The principal vehicle of the Cárdenas land reform was

Cárdenas's oil nationalization

Francisco Madero's program for Mexico

Some radical activists who demanded social justice nonetheless opposed women's suffrage because they feared that

Venustiano Carranza, a moderate bourgeois revolutionary, believed in women's "natural inequality," but he

Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870

Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888

The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900

Brazil: Populism and the Struggle for Democracy in a Multiracial Society

Argentina: Populism, the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy

Cuba: The Revolutionary Socialist Alternative to Populism

Storm Over the Andes: Indigenous Rights and the Corporatist Military Alternative

Chile: The Democratic Socialist Alternative

Twilight of the Tyrants: Revolution and Prolonged Popular War in Central America

Lands of Bolívar: Military Crisis, State Repression, and Popular Democracy

Deconstructing the State: Dictatorship and Neoliberal Markets

Transcending Neoliberalism: Electoral Engaños and Popular Resistance to the Dictatorship of Markets

The Two Americas: United States-Latin American Relations

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