Question 1

Answer the question.
-Which of the following is not an argument against using blinding in an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) The participants in the experiment don't believe in the placebo effect 
B) The experiment is done on plants, not people 
C) The experiment involves animals, not people 
D) It would be impossible to conceal from the participants whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo 
A) The participants in the experiment don't believe in the placebo effect 
B) The experiment is done on plants, not people 
C) The experiment involves animals, not people 
D) It would be impossible to conceal from the participants whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo

Question 2

Answer as requested.
-Which of the following is likely a coincidence?

Accepted Answer

A) Higher incidence of skin cancer in regions with more sunshine 
B) More crime in neighborhoods with fewer streetlights 
C) Higher annual rainfall in states with fewer homicides 
D) Higher real estate prices in cities with more employment opportunities 
A) Higher incidence of skin cancer in regions with more sunshine 
B) More crime in neighborhoods with fewer streetlights 
C) Higher annual rainfall in states with fewer homicides 
D) Higher real estate prices in cities with more employment opportunities

Question 3

Provide an appropriate response.
-Shortly before a mayoral election, a market research firm took a poll to find out which
candidate people were planning to vote for. The results are shown below. $$\begin{array} { l | c } 
\text { Candidate } & \text { Frequency } \
\hline \text { Li Fong } & 2120 \
\text { Bob Green } & 2329 \
\text { Sue Moore } & 1042 \
\text { Jose Alvarez } & 399
\end{array}$$ You wish to construct a graph to represent the data. It should be easy to see from your
graph which candidate is in the lead. Which graph would be more useful, a bar graph or a
pie chart? Explain your thinking.

Accepted Answer

A bar graph would be more usef

Question 4

Identify the variable as either qualitative or quantitative.
-The colors of the houses in a city

Accepted Answer

A) Quantitative 
B) Qualitative 
A) Quantitative 
B) Qualitative

Question 5

Identify which of these types of sampling is used: simple random, stratified, systematic, or convenience.
-To avoid working late, a quality control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.

Accepted Answer

A) Stratified 
B) Convenience 
C) Simple random 
D) Systematic 
A) Stratified 
B) Convenience 
C) Simple random 
D) Systematic

Question 6

Use the guidelines to evaluate the study. From the information given, what is the biggest flaw in the study?
-A health researcher randomly selected 500 high school students from the city of Oak Grove. In a private interview the researcher asked the students whether they had ever used drugs. She
Concluded that only 8% of the high school students of Oak Grove have ever used drugs.

Accepted Answer

A) Selection bias 
B) The wording of the question 
C) The setting may discourage honest responses 
D) Participation bias 
E) The source of the study 
A) Selection bias 
B) The wording of the question 
C) The setting may discourage honest responses 
D) Participation bias 
E) The source of the study

Question 7

Identify the variable as either qualitative or quantitative.
-The area of apartments in a city

Accepted Answer

A) Qualitative 
B) Quantitative 
A) Qualitative 
B) Quantitative

Question 8

Answer the question.
-A television manufacturer sold three times as many televisions in 1995 as it did in 1985. To
illustrate this fact, the manufacturer draws a pictogram as shown below. The television on
the right is three times as tall and three times as wide as the television on the left.   Why is this pictogram misleading? What visual impression is portrayed by the pictogram?

Accepted Answer

The area of the television on the right

Question 9

A statement is made about correlation. State whether the correlation is positive or negative and whether the correlation ismost likely due to coincidence, a common underlying cause, or a direct cause.
-When gasoline prices fall, the number of cars on the freeways increases.

Accepted Answer

A) Negative correlation; direct cause 
B) Positive correlation; direct cause 
C) Positive correlation; common underlying cause 
D) Negative correlation; common underlying cause 
A) Negative correlation; direct cause 
B) Positive correlation; direct cause 
C) Positive correlation; common underlying cause 
D) Negative correlation; common underlying cause

Question 10

Answer the question.
-The bar graph below shows the number of car accidents occurring in one city in each of the
years 1993 through 1998. The number of accidents dropped in 1995 after a new speed limit
was imposed. Why is the graph misleading? How would you redesign the graph so that it
is less misleading? What impression is conveyed by the graph?

Accepted Answer

The graph is misleading because it is tr

Question 11

Use the guidelines to evaluate the study. Discuss flaws that you see in the study.
-A researcher is interested in why Americans have such a high divorce rate. She randomly
selects 100 American married couples and 100 Japanese married couples. She invites each
couple to come into her office and interviews each couple, asking them about their
satisfaction with their marriage.
The researcher also notes that a high percentage of the American women had full time jobs
outside the home, whereas a high percentage of the Japanese women did not have full time
jobs. The researcher concluded that marriages in which the woman has a full time job have
a lower rate of success.

Accepted Answer

The setting will not encourage honest an

Question 12

Use the graph to answer the question.
-  Identify the utility that reaches its greatest percentage of the total bill in April.

Accepted Answer

A) Gas 
B) Electric 
C) Water 
D) None of the utilities reaches its greatest percentage in April. 
A) Gas 
B) Electric 
C) Water 
D) None of the utilities reaches its greatest percentage in April.

Question 13

Answer the question.
-In a study to determine the most popular automobile on the road, which of the following is the most representative sample?

Accepted Answer

A) A random sample of the cars parked at a local high school 
B) A random sample of the cars that drive by your house 
C) A random sample of the cars parked at an airport 
D) A random sample of the cars driving on the highway 
A) A random sample of the cars parked at a local high school 
B) A random sample of the cars that drive by your house 
C) A random sample of the cars parked at an airport 
D) A random sample of the cars driving on the highway

Question 14

Provide an appropriate response.
-Suppose that a histogram is constructed for the frequency table shown below: $$\begin{array} { c | c } 
\text { Age } & \text { Frequency } \
\hline 30 - 39 & 11 \
40 - 49 & 23 \
50 - 59 & 17 \
60 - 69 & 12 \
70 - 89 & 6
\end{array}$$ The class 60-69 has twice the frequency of the class 70-89. In the histogram, will the area
of the bar for the class 60-69 be twice the area of the bar for the class 70-89? In other
words, will areas be proportional to frequencies in this histogram? Explain your thinking.
Are there any conditions under which areas are proportional to frequencies in histograms?

Accepted Answer

The areas of the bars for the two classe

Question 15

Construct a pie chart representing the given data set.
-Main form of exercise for employees of one company: $\begin{array}{lr}
\text { None: } & 27 \% \
\text { Walking: } & 16 \% \
\text { Running: } & 7 \% \
\text { Golf: } & 12 \% \
\text { Weight Training: } & 23 \% \
\text { Other: } & 15 \%
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D) 
  
A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D)

Question 16

The graph below shows estimated world population for the period 4000 BC =2000 AD. Note that the logarithm of the world population and not actual population is plotted on the vertical axis. This means, for example, that when the graph reaches 7 on the vertical scale, world population is $10 ^ { 7 }$ and when the graph reaches 9 on the vertical scale, worldpopulation is $10 ^ { 9 }$ .
Log World Population   Use the graph to answer the question.
-Describe the general trend in world population during the period 2000 BC to the year 1 AD.

Accepted Answer

A) World population increases at a slower and slower rate. 
B) World population increases at a constant rate. 
C) World population is constant. 
D) World population increases at a faster and faster rate. 
A) World population increases at a slower and slower rate. 
B) World population increases at a constant rate. 
C) World population is constant. 
D) World population increases at a faster and faster rate.

Question 17

A statement is made about correlation. State whether the correlation is positive or negative and whether the correlation ismost likely due to coincidence, a common underlying cause, or a direct cause.
-In Angela's class, the taller students got lower scores on the test.

Accepted Answer

A) Positive correlation; common underlying cause 
B) Negative correlation; coincidence 
C) Negative correlation; common underlying cause 
D) Positive correlation; coincidence 
A) Positive correlation; common underlying cause 
B) Negative correlation; coincidence 
C) Negative correlation; common underlying cause 
D) Positive correlation; coincidence

Question 18

Use the guidelines to evaluate the study. Discuss flaws that you see in the study.
-A TV show announced that their survey had revealed that 87% of Americans would rather
be free than rich.

Accepted Answer

The variables are poorly defined and har

Question 19

Construct a line chart for the data.
-The table shows the end-of-the-month checking account balance of a statistics teacher for the months January through December of the same year as determined by the closing balance on the
Last banking day of the month. The balance is rounded to the nearest dollar.
 $\begin{array}{l}
\begin{array} { l l l l l l c c c c c c } 
\text { Jan } & \text { Feb } & \text { Mar } & \text { Apr } & \text { May } & \text { Jun } & \text { Jul } & \text { Aug } & \text { Sep } & \text { Oct } & \text { Nov } & \text { Dec } \
\hline 1112 & 1356 & 1627 & 1936 & 1743 & 1481 & 1490 & 1340 & 1139 & 910 & 700 & 500
\end{array}\
\text { Construct a time series line chart for the data. }
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D)  None of the above 
A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D)  None of the above

Question 20

Answer as requested.
-In studying the relationship between abortion and breast cancer, researchers have identified a hormone that they believe explains how having an abortion can lead to breast cancer. This
Explanation is an example of which of the guidelines for establishing causality?

Accepted Answer

A) Evidence that larger amounts of the suspected cause produce larger amounts of the effect. 
B) A physical model demonstrating how abortion can cause breast cancer 
C) Verification that breast cancer rates differ among groups that differ only in the presence or absence of the suspected cause (abortion). 
D) An experiment to establish causality between abortion and breast cancer. 
A) Evidence that larger amounts of the suspected cause produce larger amounts of the effect. 
B) A physical model demonstrating how abortion can cause breast cancer 
C) Verification that breast cancer rates differ among groups that differ only in the presence or absence of the suspected cause (abortion). 
D) An experiment to establish causality between abortion and breast cancer.

Answer the question. -Which of the following is not an argument against using blinding in an experiment?

Answer as requested. -Which of the following is likely a coincidence?

Identify the variable as either qualitative or quantitative. -The colors of the houses in a city

Identify which of these types of sampling is used: simple random, stratified, systematic, or convenience. -To avoid working late, a quality control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.

Identify the variable as either qualitative or quantitative. -The area of apartments in a city

A statement is made about correlation. State whether the correlation is positive or negative and whether the correlation ismost likely due to coincidence, a common underlying cause, or a direct cause. -When gasoline prices fall, the number of cars on the freeways increases.

Use the graph to answer the question. - Identify the utility that reaches its greatest percentage of the total bill in April.

Answer the question. -In a study to determine the most popular automobile on the road, which of the following is the most representative sample?

A statement is made about correlation. State whether the correlation is positive or negative and whether the correlation ismost likely due to coincidence, a common underlying cause, or a direct cause. -In Angela's class, the taller students got lower scores on the test.

Use the guidelines to evaluate the study. Discuss flaws that you see in the study. -A TV show announced that their survey had revealed that 87% of Americans would rather be free than rich.

Answer as requested. -In studying the relationship between abortion and breast cancer, researchers have identified a hormone that they believe explains how having an abortion can lead to breast cancer. This Explanation is an example of which of the guidelines for establishing causality?

Thinking Critically

Approaches to Problem Solving

Numbers in the Real World

Managing Money

Putting Statistics to Work

Probability: Living With the Odds

Exponential Astonishment

Modeling Our World

Modeling With Geometry

Mathematics and the Arts

Filters

Exam 5: Statistical Reasoning