Exam 1: Basic Concepts

Hair turns color when we age because the follicles at the base of the hair shaft cease to produce melanin. Melanin is a chemical that gives the hair shaft its color (black, brown, blond, red, and all shades in between). The darkness or lightness of your hair depends on how much melanin each strand contains. With age, the cells in the follicle that produce melanin die off. As they do so, that hair strand will become silver, grey, or white, as it grows.

If wind turbines are extensively deployed, solar power systems are installed, bioenergy technologies are exploited, electric cars are perfected and mass produced, and a high-speed rail network is constructed, then the nation will be weaned off its addiction to oil, climate change will be slowed, and billions of dollars in oil money will be redirected from nations that hate us to improving our own standard of living.

Valerie Nelson's last three novels sold well over a million copies each. She's now finished a new novel, and it has gotten better reviews than the earlier ones. Hence, her new novel should sell over a million copies, too.

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for being a fish?

PART A All exercise sessions are healthy activities, so some jogging events are healthy activities, since some exercise sessions are not jogging events. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. \begin{array} { l } \text { Some \mathrm{E} are not \( \mathrm{J} \).}\\ \text {Some J are \( \mathrm{H} \). }\\ \hline\text { All \( \mathrm{E} \) are \( \mathrm{H} \).}\\\end{array}$\quad$ b. \begin{array} { l } \text {All \mathrm{E} are \( \mathrm{H} \). }\\ \text {Some E are not J. }\\ \hline\text {Some \( \mathrm{J} \) are \( \mathrm{H} \). }\\\end{array}$\quad$ c. All E are . Some J are H. Some E are not J. d. \begin{array} { l } \text { \mathrm{E} are \( \mathrm{H} \).}\\ \text { \( \mathrm{E} \) are not \( \mathrm{J} \).}\\ \text {\( \mathrm{J} \) are \( \mathrm{H} \). }\\\end{array}$\quad$ e. Some J are H . Some E are J. All E are . PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) E = dogs, H = mammals, J = fish. B) E = mammals, H = animals, J = cats. C) E = fish, H = animals, J = dogs. D) E = cats, H = mammals, J = animals. E) E = animals, H = dogs, J = mammals

In the expression "Hard water causes spots on glass because it contains calcium and magnesium salts that remain when the water dries," the statement "It contains calcium and magnesium salts that remain when the water dries" is called the:

Which of the following is a necessary condition for making a call on a smartphone?

Professional football is the modern day equivalent of the Roman gladiatorial games. Therefore, since it was expected that gladiators would kill their opponents, no one should complain if professional football players injure or kill their opponents.

Judy and her friend Claire both love post impressionist painting, and Judy thought that the Gauguin exhibit at the museum was superb. Therefore, probably Claire would like that exhibit, too.

PART A If deficits increase then the economy will stagnate. Thus, if deficits increase, then interest rates will rise, because if interest rates rise, then the economy will stagnate. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. If D then E . If D then I. If I then E. $\quad$ b. If D then . If I then . If D then E . $\quad$ c. If D then I. If D then E. If I then E . d. \begin{array} { l } \text { If \mathrm{D} then \( \mathrm{E} \). }\\ \text { If \( E \) then I. }\\ \text {If \( D \) then \( I \). }\\\end{array}$\quad$ e. If D then E . If I then E . If D then I. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) D = Tom Hanks is a man, E = Tom Hanks is a human, I = Tom Hanks is a woman. B) D = dogs, I = mammals, E = animals. C) D = Bob is a physician, E = Bob is a professional, I = Bob is a doctor. D) D = dogs, E = animals, I = cats. E) D = Halle Berry is an actor, E = Halle Berry is a woman, I = Halle Berry is a human.

Author Tim LaHaye says that the rapture (when all righteous people will be miraculously lifted up to heaven) will occur in the not too distant future. Therefore, this event is sure to happen soon.

No nations that ignore poverty are morally developed nations. No nations that ignore poverty are models for the Third World. Therefore, all morally developed nations are models for the Third World.

If the northern pike is a ferocious predator, then it is a threat to lake trout. The northern pike is indeed a threat to lake trout. Therefore, the northern pike is a ferocious predator.

Which of the following are all arguments?

Scientists may be on the verge of creating life in a test tube. Recently, scientists have used computers to synthesize a highly complex loop of DNA. When this loop was inserted into an empty bacterial cell, the cell began to self-replicate. And self-replication is an essential feature of life.

If an inductive argument has all true premises and a probably true conclusion, then we know:

In the expression "If a nation engages in torture, then it loses moral authority in the world community," the statement "A nation engages in torture" is called the:

Earth's distance from the sun has little to do with the seasons. The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth on its axis as it revolves around the sun. This tilt causes some parts of the Earth to get slanting rays of sunlight some of the year and vertical rays of sunlight at other times. When a hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the sun, it is summer in that hemisphere. Gary S. Moore, Living with the Earth, 3^rd ed.

A rainbow sometimes occurs after a storm because the droplets of water in the air refract and reflect rays of light from the sun. The angle of refraction is different for different wavelengths of light, and this accounts for the separation of colors in the rainbow.

Either Leonardo da Vinci or Andrew Wyeth painted the Mona Lisa. But it clearly wasn't da Vinci. Therefore, Andrew Wyeth painted the Mona Lisa.