Exam 8: Action

Describe the neurological condition apraxia. How does this disorder inform our understanding of how complex movements are represented in the brain?

Although simple reflexes can occur without sensory input, the generation of rhythmic walking movements requires sensory feedback from the environment.

Chapin's early work on a brain-machine interface BMI) in rats used an online population vector that matched the of the rats' movement.

Why is the basal ganglia structure referred to as a "gatekeeper"? How is inhibition used in its gatekeeping functions?

One reason that lesions to the cerebellum disrupt the eye blink conditioning response is because

What does it mean to say that the cerebellum uses a "forward model"? Support your answer with a real-life example and experimental evidence.

Corticospinal fibers originate primarily in the

After suffering a focal brain injury, a patient has great difficulty in pantomiming particular motor actions such as turning a key in a lock. Because other problems like hemiplegia, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and lack of motivation have been ruled out, your diagnosis would be

Hyperkinesia is to as hypokinesia is to .

The concept of endpoint control refers to the observation that voluntary muscle events

Where are the primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor area located in the brain? What do we know about the different functions of these three areas?

Mirror cells are neurons in the cortex that respond when an animal produces a particular movement and when the animal .

A laboratory dog has had surgery to separate the spinal components of its motor system from the cortical and subcortical components. Which of the following best describes the motor abilities of this animal?

The excitatory command to contract the biceps muscle of the arm is normally accompanied by an inhibitory command to relax the antagonist triceps muscle. If this inhibitory signal failed to occur,

Describe the affordance competition hypothesis and explain how single-cell recordings support the model.

Which of the following would demonstrate the finding that some aspects of motor learning are independent of the specific effectors used to perform an action?

Loss of blood flow in the is the most common cause of hemiplegia.

Compare and contrast the neurological disorders of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. How are they similar, and how do they differ?

The primary interaction of muscles and the nervous system involves the alpha motor neurons, which originate in the , exit through the , and terminate in the muscles.

In the period of time immediately following focal brain injury to the supplementary motor cortex, patients may reach out and grasp objects with the affected arm when they have not been asked to do so, or even when they have been explicitly told not to do so. This is an example of