Question 1

Describe the range of primate residence patterns.Relate social grouping to food and reproduction.

Accepted Answer

Primate social groups are strongly influenced by food availability, environment, and competition.
For example, groups break apart if food is scarce and reunite when food availability increases.There are six main types of primate residence patterns.One-male, multifemale groups include one reproductive-age male, several mature females, and their immature offspring.These groups are polygynous; one male has more than one partner.An example is baboons.One-female, multimale groups include one reproductive female, several mature males, and their immature offspring.These groups are polyandrous; one female mates with multiple males.The males often cooperate in parenting.Only some New World monkeys practice this type of social organization.Multimale, multifemale groups consist of many adults (male and female) and their offspring.Both sexes mate promiscuously.Competition for mates is relatively low; many Old World monkeys, some New World monkeys, and chimpanzees fit into this category.All-male groups form in some species.One-male, one-female groups consist of an adult male, an adult female, and their immature offspring.Males generally invest heavily in the young, and mating is generally monogamous.Gibbons, some cebids, and some prosimians are characterized by this grouping pattern.Some primates are solitary with limited interaction between adult males and adult females.Orangutans and a few prosimians are solitary.

Question 2

Female reproductive strategies emphasize

Accepted Answer

A)  bonding with the dominant male monogamously. 
B)  having one birth per year. 
C)  having twin births every year. 
D)  caring for young and ensuring access to food. 
A)  bonding with the dominant male monogamously. 
B)  having one birth per year. 
C)  having twin births every year. 
D)  caring for young and ensuring access to food. D

Question 3

What key feature of chimpanzee tool use have anthropologists identified?

Accepted Answer

A)  Although chimpanzees are intelligent, their ability to use tools is so advanced that it is assumed that a large part of that ability is genetic. 
B)  Chimpanzees, being very intelligent, learn to modify and use tools in the wild, but active teaching of the young by adults seems to be only found in humans; chimpanzees do not do this. 
C)  Even though chimpanzees independently learn to use tools across Africa, the exact kind of tool and its use almost never varies from place to place; all chimpanzee groups have the same three or four tools. 
D)  Chimpanzees are highly intelligent; mothers have been seen teaching their young to use tools; which tools are used and for what purposes varies from location to location. 
A)  Although chimpanzees are intelligent, their ability to use tools is so advanced that it is assumed that a large part of that ability is genetic. 
B)  Chimpanzees, being very intelligent, learn to modify and use tools in the wild, but active teaching of the young by adults seems to be only found in humans; chimpanzees do not do this. 
C)  Even though chimpanzees independently learn to use tools across Africa, the exact kind of tool and its use almost never varies from place to place; all chimpanzee groups have the same three or four tools. 
D)  Chimpanzees are highly intelligent; mothers have been seen teaching their young to use tools; which tools are used and for what purposes varies from location to location. D

Question 4

Availability of food for primates

Accepted Answer

A)  is dependent upon kin selection. 
B)  can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall. 
C)  is determined primarily by the alpha male. 
D)  is restricted to individuals high up in the dominance hierarchy. 
A)  is dependent upon kin selection. 
B)  can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall. 
C)  is determined primarily by the alpha male. 
D)  is restricted to individuals high up in the dominance hierarchy.

Question 5

Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through all of the following social strategies EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  infanticide. 
B)  vocalizing through loud territorial calls. 
C)  fighting to maintain dominance of a one-male, multifemale group. 
D)  forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females. 
A)  infanticide. 
B)  vocalizing through loud territorial calls. 
C)  fighting to maintain dominance of a one-male, multifemale group. 
D)  forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

Question 6

Which of the following is a rare primate residence pattern found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?

Accepted Answer

A)  one male, multifemale 
B)  one female, multimale 
C)  multimale, multifemale 
D)  solitary 
A)  one male, multifemale 
B)  one female, multimale 
C)  multimale, multifemale 
D)  solitary

Question 7

Sexual dimorphism

Accepted Answer

A)  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates. 
B)  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates. 
C)  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males. 
D)  determines male and female social hierarchy. 
A)  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates. 
B)  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates. 
C)  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males. 
D)  determines male and female social hierarchy.

Question 8

Primate communication can be compared to human communication in that

Accepted Answer

A)  primate communication is very simple and across all the species consists of only a handful of "meaningful" sounds; this is entirely different from human language. 
B)  although some primates have the ability to transmit meaning from one individual to another, this always happens within a species, never between species; this is similar to humans, since humans do not really understand other animals either. 
C)  many primates make sounds that seem to be labels for things, like specific food items or specific predators, but primate communication lacks nuance or complexity of any kind; this is unlike human language. 
D)  for at least some Old World monkeys and apes, communication seems to be very context dependent, and specific sounds can have different meanings by making small changes; this is like human language. 
A)  primate communication is very simple and across all the species consists of only a handful of "meaningful" sounds; this is entirely different from human language. 
B)  although some primates have the ability to transmit meaning from one individual to another, this always happens within a species, never between species; this is similar to humans, since humans do not really understand other animals either. 
C)  many primates make sounds that seem to be labels for things, like specific food items or specific predators, but primate communication lacks nuance or complexity of any kind; this is unlike human language. 
D)  for at least some Old World monkeys and apes, communication seems to be very context dependent, and specific sounds can have different meanings by making small changes; this is like human language.

Question 9

Many primate societies are complex and involve their members forming alliances.How can these alliances be formed?

Accepted Answer

A)  by rank, age, and kinship 
B)  by relative age, which is affected by "baby booms" 
C)  only by rank 
D)  primarily by species and subspecies 
A)  by rank, age, and kinship 
B)  by relative age, which is affected by "baby booms" 
C)  only by rank 
D)  primarily by species and subspecies

Question 10

Grooming involves

Accepted Answer

A)  the development of alliances between females only. 
B)  the development of alliances between males only. 
C)  bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual. 
D)  bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance. 
A)  the development of alliances between females only. 
B)  the development of alliances between males only. 
C)  bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual. 
D)  bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.

Question 11

Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which of these primate species?

Accepted Answer

A)  baboon 
B)  gibbon 
C)  orangutan 
D)  chimpanzee 
A)  baboon 
B)  gibbon 
C)  orangutan 
D)  chimpanzee

Question 12

Vocalizations enable primates to

Accepted Answer

A)  communicate as humans do. 
B)  solve distressing situations among primate groups. 
C)  name resources and monitor the social group. 
D)  communicate, but only between members of the same hierarchy. 
A)  communicate as humans do. 
B)  solve distressing situations among primate groups. 
C)  name resources and monitor the social group. 
D)  communicate, but only between members of the same hierarchy.

Question 13

What have scientists learned about the function of primate vocalizations and how they relate to the evolution of human language?

Accepted Answer

The use of playback experiments has incr

Question 14

Kin selection refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group. 
B)  altruistic behavior that increases the donor's inclusive fitness. 
C)  altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin. 
D)  behavior that increases only the donor's fitness. 
A)  nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group. 
B)  altruistic behavior that increases the donor's inclusive fitness. 
C)  altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin. 
D)  behavior that increases only the donor's fitness.

Question 15

Monogamous refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  a social group that is dominated by a single sex. 
B)  a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring. 
C)  primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family. 
D)  a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring. 
A)  a social group that is dominated by a single sex. 
B)  a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring. 
C)  primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family. 
D)  a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring.

Question 16

An adult male and female gibbon that are similar in size demonstrate the lack of sexual dimorphism

Accepted Answer

A)  due to the polygamous social structure in gibbons. 
B)  as the result of unequal access to resources within their environment. 
C)  due to decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure. 
D)  that is unrelated to social structure in gibbons. 
A)  due to the polygamous social structure in gibbons. 
B)  as the result of unequal access to resources within their environment. 
C)  due to decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure. 
D)  that is unrelated to social structure in gibbons.

Question 17

Compare and contrast male and female primates in terms of reproductive strategies and competition.

Accepted Answer

In many primates, males compete physical

Question 18

Polyandrous

Accepted Answer

A)  refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring. 
B)  refers to a social group that includes one female and several males. 
C)  means "many offspring." 
D)  refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring. 
A)  refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring. 
B)  refers to a social group that includes one female and several males. 
C)  means "many offspring." 
D)  refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring.

Question 19

The higher the social rank of a female primate the

Accepted Answer

A)  lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring. 
B)  lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring. 
C)  greater her access to resources, which results in lower birth rates. 
D)  greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates. 
A)  lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring. 
B)  lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring. 
C)  greater her access to resources, which results in lower birth rates. 
D)  greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.

Question 20

Why are primates social in the short term?

Accepted Answer

A)  to increase female fecundity in dominant females only 
B)  to increase interaction between sexually mature males and females 
C)  to establish social relationships to prevent attacks from predators 
D)  to share food sources 
A)  to increase female fecundity in dominant females only 
B)  to increase interaction between sexually mature males and females 
C)  to establish social relationships to prevent attacks from predators 
D)  to share food sources

Describe the range of primate residence patterns.Relate social grouping to food and reproduction.

Female reproductive strategies emphasize

What key feature of chimpanzee tool use have anthropologists identified?

Availability of food for primates

Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through all of the following social strategies EXCEPT

Which of the following is a rare primate residence pattern found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?

Sexual dimorphism

Primate communication can be compared to human communication in that

Many primate societies are complex and involve their members forming alliances.How can these alliances be formed?

Grooming involves

Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which of these primate species?

Vocalizations enable primates to

What have scientists learned about the function of primate vocalizations and how they relate to the evolution of human language?

Kin selection refers to

Monogamous refers to

An adult male and female gibbon that are similar in size demonstrate the lack of sexual dimorphism

Compare and contrast male and female primates in terms of reproductive strategies and competition.

Polyandrous

The higher the social rank of a female primate the

Why are primates social in the short term?

What Is Biological Anthropology

Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory

Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation

Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics

Biology in the Present: Living People

Biology in the Present: the Other Living Primates

Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature

Primate Origins and Evolution: the First 50 Million Years

Early Hominin Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity

The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo

The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People

The Past 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology

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Exam 7: Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture

Describe the range of primate residence patterns.Relate social grouping to food and reproduction.

Female reproductive strategies emphasize

What key feature of chimpanzee tool use have anthropologists identified?

Availability of food for primates

Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through all of the following social strategies EXCEPT

Which of the following is a rare primate residence pattern found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?

Sexual dimorphism

Primate communication can be compared to human communication in that

Many primate societies are complex and involve their members forming alliances.How can these alliances be formed?

Grooming involves

Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which of these primate species?

Vocalizations enable primates to

What have scientists learned about the function of primate vocalizations and how they relate to the evolution of human language?

Kin selection refers to

Monogamous refers to

An adult male and female gibbon that are similar in size demonstrate the lack of sexual dimorphism

Compare and contrast male and female primates in terms of reproductive strategies and competition.

Polyandrous

The higher the social rank of a female primate the

Why are primates social in the short term?

What Is Biological Anthropology

Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory

Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation

Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics

Biology in the Present: Living People

Biology in the Present: the Other Living Primates

Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature

Primate Origins and Evolution: the First 50 Million Years

Early Hominin Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity

The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo

The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People

The Past 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology

Filters