Question 1

Why is the placenta a structure that is particularly suited as an arena for interfamilial conflicts to play out?

Accepted Answer

The placenta is a structure particularly

Question 2

The evolutionary conflict of interest over the optimal strategy for parental care is

Accepted Answer

A)  parent-offspring conflict. 
B)  parental conflict. 
C)  offspring-offspring conflict. 
D)  sexual conflict. 
A)  parent-offspring conflict. 
B)  parental conflict. 
C)  offspring-offspring conflict. 
D)  sexual conflict.

Question 3

Which of the following examples does not support the Trivers-Willard hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gravid females of certain hymenoptera species can directly manipulate the sex of their offspring by fertilizing, or not, eggs before laying. 
B)  Male sand gobies devour some offspring when density increases. 
C)  Female Seychelles warblers adjust the balance of male and female chicks in broods. 
D)  The bluestreak cleaner wrasse begins life as a female, but switches its sex to male when the benefits of being male outweigh those of being female. 
A)  Gravid females of certain hymenoptera species can directly manipulate the sex of their offspring by fertilizing, or not, eggs before laying. 
B)  Male sand gobies devour some offspring when density increases. 
C)  Female Seychelles warblers adjust the balance of male and female chicks in broods. 
D)  The bluestreak cleaner wrasse begins life as a female, but switches its sex to male when the benefits of being male outweigh those of being female.

Question 4

Compare the mother hypothesis and grandmother hypotheses as explanations of menopause and longevity of females.

Accepted Answer

The mother hypothesis and grandmother hy

Question 5

Parental conflict continues at the molecular level via

Accepted Answer

A)  senescence. 
B)  menopause. 
C)  genomic imprinting. 
D)  Parental conflict can only occur at an organismal level. 
A)  senescence. 
B)  menopause. 
C)  genomic imprinting. 
D)  Parental conflict can only occur at an organismal level.

Question 6

Based on the outcome of previous experiments, if you moved guppies from predator-free streams to predator-rich streams for many generations, which of the following changes is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Male fish would mature at larger body size. 
B)  Females would produce more offspring. 
C)  Embryos would be larger. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  Male fish would mature at larger body size. 
B)  Females would produce more offspring. 
C)  Embryos would be larger. 
D)  all of the above

Question 7

If extrinsic mortality is high,

Accepted Answer

A)  selection will act more strongly against mutations that negatively affect organisms late in life than those that do so early in life. 
B)  selection will act equally strongly on mutations that negatively affect organisms early in life and late in life. 
C)  organisms are likely to age more rapidly than if extrinsic mortality were low. 
D)  a and c 
E)  b and c 
A)  selection will act more strongly against mutations that negatively affect organisms late in life than those that do so early in life. 
B)  selection will act equally strongly on mutations that negatively affect organisms early in life and late in life. 
C)  organisms are likely to age more rapidly than if extrinsic mortality were low. 
D)  a and c 
E)  b and c

Question 8

The Kakapo is a critically endangered flightless parrot from New Zealand. A number of efforts have been employed in order to stave off its extinction. Early on, the parrots were given supplemental food in order to ensure that they remained healthy. This had a positive impact on survival, but unfortunately the population remained at risk, in part because sex ratios were highly male biased. Based on research on sex ratios in other species, offer a hypothesis as to why sex ratios were male biased.

Accepted Answer

A potential hypothesis for the male-bias

Question 9

Which of the following is a critical assumption of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Offspring condition depends on the mother's physiological condition. 
B)  Paternity in the population is skewed heavily toward males in best condition. 
C)  Most females in the population mate. 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  Offspring condition depends on the mother's physiological condition. 
B)  Paternity in the population is skewed heavily toward males in best condition. 
C)  Most females in the population mate. 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above

Question 10

Would more parental conflict likely occur in species with monogamous or polygamous mating systems? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

In species with polygamous mating system

Question 11

How do Igf2 and Igf2r affect parental fitness?

Accepted Answer

A)  Igf2 is a growth-promoting gene, which may reduce a mother's fitness. 
B)  Igf2 is a growth-inhibiting gene, which may increase a mother's fitness. 
C)  Igf2r is a growth-inhibiting gene, which may increase a father's fitness. 
D)  Igf2r is a growth-promoting gene, which may increase a mother's fitness. 
A)  Igf2 is a growth-promoting gene, which may reduce a mother's fitness. 
B)  Igf2 is a growth-inhibiting gene, which may increase a mother's fitness. 
C)  Igf2r is a growth-inhibiting gene, which may increase a father's fitness. 
D)  Igf2r is a growth-promoting gene, which may increase a mother's fitness.

Question 12

The grandmother hypothesis

Accepted Answer

A)  explains prolonged post-reproductive life span in women. 
B)  explains that helping grandchildren ultimately raises fitness. 
C)  explains why menopause occurs at the point it does in women's lifespans. 
D)  a and b 
E)  b and c 
A)  explains prolonged post-reproductive life span in women. 
B)  explains that helping grandchildren ultimately raises fitness. 
C)  explains why menopause occurs at the point it does in women's lifespans. 
D)  a and b 
E)  b and c

Question 13

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that menopause is adaptive based on the mother hypothesis. Which statement(s) below help(s) form the logical basis of their argument?

Accepted Answer

A)  The risks of childbearing increase with age. 
B)  Older mothers are unlikely to survive until offspring reach independence. 
C)  Remaining fertile detracts from investment in current offspring. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  The risks of childbearing increase with age. 
B)  Older mothers are unlikely to survive until offspring reach independence. 
C)  Remaining fertile detracts from investment in current offspring. 
D)  all of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is not an example of the deleterious effects of aging?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells accumulate malformed proteins. 
B)  Rates of noninfectious disease increase. 
C)  Immune system function decreases. 
D)  Fertility increases. 
A)  Cells accumulate malformed proteins. 
B)  Rates of noninfectious disease increase. 
C)  Immune system function decreases. 
D)  Fertility increases.

Question 15

Which living organism experiences menopause?

Accepted Answer

A)  chimpanzee 
B)  killer whale 
C)  Drosophila fly 
D)  none of the above 
A)  chimpanzee 
B)  killer whale 
C)  Drosophila fly 
D)  none of the above

Question 16

In the Eurasian penduline tit, what are the costs and benefits for males of leaving the female?

Accepted Answer

In the Eurasian penduline tit (Remiz pen

Question 17

Male and female penduline tits cooperate to build nests and bring food to their young, but exhibit conflict over who provides care the longest. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  parent-offspring conflict. 
B)  parental conflict. 
C)  sexual conflict. 
D)  a and b 
E)  b and c 
A)  parent-offspring conflict. 
B)  parental conflict. 
C)  sexual conflict. 
D)  a and b 
E)  b and c

Question 18

Which statement helps explain why male pipefishes produce very few sperm?

Accepted Answer

A)  Male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can fertilize. 
B)  Male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can care for. 
C)  Male fitness is limited mostly by the number of females available for mating. 
D)  none of the above 
A)  Male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can fertilize. 
B)  Male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can care for. 
C)  Male fitness is limited mostly by the number of females available for mating. 
D)  none of the above

Question 19

What is menopause for human women?

Accepted Answer

A)  their remarkably long life span 
B)  the unnaturally early onset of puberty 
C)  the loss of fertility later in life 
D)  the state of being born infertile 
A)  their remarkably long life span 
B)  the unnaturally early onset of puberty 
C)  the loss of fertility later in life 
D)  the state of being born infertile

Question 20

David Haig has proposed that genomic imprinting in the placenta is a signature of conflict between the parents over investment in offspring. Why would fathers benefit from a strategy that reduces the fitness of the mother of their offspring?

Accepted Answer

David Haig's proposal suggests that geno

Why is the placenta a structure that is particularly suited as an arena for interfamilial conflicts to play out?

The evolutionary conflict of interest over the optimal strategy for parental care is

Which of the following examples does not support the Trivers-Willard hypothesis?

Compare the mother hypothesis and grandmother hypotheses as explanations of menopause and longevity of females.

Parental conflict continues at the molecular level via

Based on the outcome of previous experiments, if you moved guppies from predator-free streams to predator-rich streams for many generations, which of the following changes is most likely to occur?

If extrinsic mortality is high,

Which of the following is a critical assumption of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis?

Would more parental conflict likely occur in species with monogamous or polygamous mating systems? Explain your answer.

How do Igf2 and Igf2r affect parental fitness?

The grandmother hypothesis

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that menopause is adaptive based on the mother hypothesis. Which statement(s) below help(s) form the logical basis of their argument?

Which of the following is not an example of the deleterious effects of aging?

Which living organism experiences menopause?

In the Eurasian penduline tit, what are the costs and benefits for males of leaving the female?

Male and female penduline tits cooperate to build nests and bring food to their young, but exhibit conflict over who provides care the longest. This is an example of

Which statement helps explain why male pipefishes produce very few sperm?

What is menopause for human women?

David Haig has proposed that genomic imprinting in the placenta is a signature of conflict between the parents over investment in offspring. Why would fathers benefit from a strategy that reduces the fitness of the mother of their offspring?

The Whale and the Virus: How Scientists Study Evolution

From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

What the Rocks Say: How Geology and Paleontology Reveal the History of Life

The Tree of Life: How Biologists Use Phylogeny to Reconstruct the Deep Past

Raw Material: Heritable Variation Among Individuals

The Ways of Change: Drift and Selection

Beyond Alleles: Quantitative Genetics and the Evolution of Phenotypes

The History in Our Genes

From Genes to Traits: the Evolution of Genetic Networks and Development

Natural Selection: Empirical Studies in the Wild

Sex: Causes and Consequences

The Origin of Species

Macroevolution: the Long Run

Intimate Partnerships: How Species Adapt to Each Other

Brains and Behavior

Human Evolution: a New Kind of Ape

Evolutionary Medicine

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Exam 12: After Conception: the Evolution of Life History and Parental Care

Why is the placenta a structure that is particularly suited as an arena for interfamilial conflicts to play out?

The evolutionary conflict of interest over the optimal strategy for parental care is

Which of the following examples does not support the Trivers-Willard hypothesis?

Compare the mother hypothesis and grandmother hypotheses as explanations of menopause and longevity of females.

Parental conflict continues at the molecular level via

Based on the outcome of previous experiments, if you moved guppies from predator-free streams to predator-rich streams for many generations, which of the following changes is most likely to occur?

If extrinsic mortality is high,

Which of the following is a critical assumption of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis?

Would more parental conflict likely occur in species with monogamous or polygamous mating systems? Explain your answer.

How do Igf2 and Igf2r affect parental fitness?

The grandmother hypothesis

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that menopause is adaptive based on the mother hypothesis. Which statement(s) below help(s) form the logical basis of their argument?

Which of the following is not an example of the deleterious effects of aging?

Which living organism experiences menopause?

In the Eurasian penduline tit, what are the costs and benefits for males of leaving the female?

Male and female penduline tits cooperate to build nests and bring food to their young, but exhibit conflict over who provides care the longest. This is an example of

Which statement helps explain why male pipefishes produce very few sperm?

What is menopause for human women?

David Haig has proposed that genomic imprinting in the placenta is a signature of conflict between the parents over investment in offspring. Why would fathers benefit from a strategy that reduces the fitness of the mother of their offspring?

The Whale and the Virus: How Scientists Study Evolution

From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

What the Rocks Say: How Geology and Paleontology Reveal the History of Life

The Tree of Life: How Biologists Use Phylogeny to Reconstruct the Deep Past

Raw Material: Heritable Variation Among Individuals

The Ways of Change: Drift and Selection

Beyond Alleles: Quantitative Genetics and the Evolution of Phenotypes

The History in Our Genes

From Genes to Traits: the Evolution of Genetic Networks and Development

Natural Selection: Empirical Studies in the Wild

Sex: Causes and Consequences

The Origin of Species

Macroevolution: the Long Run

Intimate Partnerships: How Species Adapt to Each Other

Brains and Behavior

Human Evolution: a New Kind of Ape

Evolutionary Medicine

Filters