Exam 11: Crime and Justice

Judges had almost sole responsibility for punishing criminals until the decade of the __________.

Plea bargaining especially benefits the poor and those of moderate means because it saves them the expense of a lengthy trial while at the same time ensuring their rights and more lenient treatment.

Bernie Madoff ran a securities fraud known as a(n) __________.

Deviant behavior that is a consequence of the self-fulfilling prophecy of a negative label is called __________.

__________ is the practice of targeting citizens for police encounters on the basis of race.

The major benefit of using the NCVS is that __________.

The data from official sources clearly indicate that people from certain social categories are more likely than others to be arrested for criminal activities.

The most common definition of crime is __________.

The fact that some activities are legal in one society and not legal in another and that what is and is not legal changes over time within the same society is evidence that there is not a universal standard for criminal behavior.

How has judicial discretion in sentencing changed since the 1970s? What are the effects of this? Ideal

Laws against victimless crimes __________.

The concept that, for a given offense, the judge must impose a specific sentence is called __________ sentencing.

Mary was caught gambling and smoking marijuana. She argues that her actions were only affecting her and not harming others because she was engaging in __________, but she served jail time anyway because the state argued that it has a right to uphold the morals of its citizens who are opposed to Mary's activities.

Eric was arrested for damaging property in a political protest while his friend John engaged in the same activity during spring break and had his transgressions overlooked. This is because __________.

Criminal arrests tend to involve __________.

A key reason that criminal arrests involve the poor, undereducated, unemployed, and the working poor is that those groups are more likely to commit the crimes that cost society most.

Billy has started an organization to supply people with drugs, prostitution, and money laundering. His efforts at organized crime in these areas have a good chance at succeeding because __________.

The definition of __________ views George Washington and Martin Luther King, Jr. as criminals.

Jeff was arrested and convicted of his third felony. The judge has no choice other than to give him life without parole. This is an example of __________ sentencing.

The __________ has the highest proportion of its citizens jailed at any time of any country.