Question 1

A finished draft of the human genome was published in

Accepted Answer

A) 1965. 
B) 1984. 
C) 2004. 
D) 2018. 
A) 1965. 
B) 1984. 
C) 2004. 
D) 2018.

Question 2

Transposable elements litter the genomes of primates, and a few of them are still capable of moving to new regions of the genome.If a transposable element jumped into an important gene in one of your cells when you were a baby and caused a disease, is it likely that your child would also have the disease? Explain.

Accepted Answer

It is not likely that your child would h

Question 3

The spontaneous mutation rate in E.coli was determined to be 1 mistake for every 109 nucleotides copied.This was determined by measuring the frequency of a particular AT-to-GC change.This was accomplished using a strain of E.coli that started out unable to produce histidine (His-) because of an inserted UGA stop codon that disrupted the region coding for an enzyme required to produce histidine.When a spontaneous mutation arose that enabled the UGA stop codon to code for tryptophan, the E.coli cells were then able to produce the enzyme required for histidine production.
You discover that if the stop codon were to change to code for cysteine (instead of tryptophan), this change would also allow the bacteria to produce histidine.How would the previously calculated spontaneous mutation rate of 1 mistake every 109 nucleotides copied change, given this new information? Explain.(The codon table is shown in Figure 9-48 to help you answer this question.) $\text { The Genetic Code }$
\(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { U } & \text { C } & \text { A } & \text { G } \
\hline &\text { UUU Phe (F) } & \text { UCU Ser (S) } & \text { UAU Tyr (Y) } & \text { UGU Cys (C) } \
&\text { UUC - } & \text { UCC - } & \text { UAC - } & \text { UGC - } \
 \text { U } &\text { UUA Leu (L) } & \text { UCA -- } & \text { UAA Stop } & \text { UGA Stop } \
&\text { UUG - } & \text { UCG - } & \text { UAG Stop } & \text { UGG Trp (W) } \
\hline &\text { CUU Leu (L) } & \text { CCU Pro (P) } & \text { CAU His (H) } & \text { CGU Arg (R) } \
&\text { CUC - } & \text { CCC - } & \text { CAC - } & \text { CGC - } \
 \text { C}&\text { CUA - } & \text { CCA - } & \text { CAA Gin (Q) } & \text { CGA - } \
&\text { CUG }- & \text { CCG }- & \text { CAG }- & \text { CGG }- \
\hline &\text { AUU Ile (I) } & \text { ACU Thr (T) } & \text { AAU Asn (N) } & \text { AGU Ser (S) } \
&\text { AUC - } & \text { ACC - } & \text { AAC - } & \text { AGC - } \
 \text { A}&\text { AUA - } & \text { ACA - } & \text { AAA Lys (K) } & \text { AGA Arg (R) } \
&\text { AUG Met (M) } & \text { ACG - } & \text { AAG - } & \text { AGG - } \
\hline &\text { GUU Val (V) } & \text { GCU Ala (A) } & \text { GAU Asp (D) } & \text { GGU Gly (G) } \
&\text { GUC - } & \text { GCC - } & \text { GAC - } & \text { GGC - } \
 \text { G}&\text { GUA - } & \text { GCA - } & \text { GAA Glu (E) } & \text { GGA - } \
&\text { GUG - } & \text { GCG - } & \text { GAG - } & \text { GGG - } \
\hline
\end{array}\) 
Figure 9-48

Accepted Answer

There would be a twofold increase.Two di

Question 4

Figure 9-17 shows the nucleotide sequence from a protein-coding region of a gene in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas and the protein sequence produced from this gene.The seventeen amino acids encoded by this DNA are numbered below.The two codons that are not conserved in all three species have been boxed.These two codons code for amino acids 3 and 15.   Figure 9-17
Which of these statements is consistent with these sequence-comparison data?

Accepted Answer

A) The gorilla sequence is more similar to the chimp sequence than to the human sequence. 
B) Since these sequences are so similar, this protein must also be found in invertebrates. 
C) The chimp DNA sequence has likely diverged at the DNA coding for amino acid 15 from the sequence found in the last common ancestor of humans and chimps. 
D) The last common ancestor of chimps and gorillas most likely used AAA to code for amino acid number 3. 
A) The gorilla sequence is more similar to the chimp sequence than to the human sequence. 
B) Since these sequences are so similar, this protein must also be found in invertebrates. 
C) The chimp DNA sequence has likely diverged at the DNA coding for amino acid 15 from the sequence found in the last common ancestor of humans and chimps. 
D) The last common ancestor of chimps and gorillas most likely used AAA to code for amino acid number 3.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about homologous genes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) For protein-coding genes, homologous genes will show more similarity in their amino acid sequences than in their nucleotide sequences. 
B) Fewer than 1% of human genes have homologs in the nematode and the fruit fly. 
C) Most homologous genes arose by gene duplication. 
D) A gene in humans that has homologs in plants and prokaryotes will show the same level of similarity in nucleotide sequence when the human and prokaryotic sequences are compared as when the human and chimpanzee sequences are compared. 
A) For protein-coding genes, homologous genes will show more similarity in their amino acid sequences than in their nucleotide sequences. 
B) Fewer than 1% of human genes have homologs in the nematode and the fruit fly. 
C) Most homologous genes arose by gene duplication. 
D) A gene in humans that has homologs in plants and prokaryotes will show the same level of similarity in nucleotide sequence when the human and prokaryotic sequences are compared as when the human and chimpanzee sequences are compared.

Question 6

Which of the following is the least likely to be a selectively neutral mutation? (The codon table in Figure 9-14 will help you answer this question.) $\text { The Genetic Code }$
\(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { U } & \text { C } & \text { A } & \text { G } \
\hline &\text { UUU Phe (F) } & \text { UCU Ser (S) } & \text { UAU Tyr (Y) } & \text { UGU Cys (C) } \
&\text { UUC - } & \text { UCC - } & \text { UAC - } & \text { UGC - } \
 \text { U } &\text { UUA Leu (L) } & \text { UCA -- } & \text { UAA Stop } & \text { UGA Stop } \
&\text { UUG - } & \text { UCG - } & \text { UAG Stop } & \text { UGG Trp (W) } \
\hline &\text { CUU Leu (L) } & \text { CCU Pro (P) } & \text { CAU His (H) } & \text { CGU Arg (R) } \
&\text { CUC - } & \text { CCC - } & \text { CAC - } & \text { CGC - } \
 \text { C}&\text { CUA - } & \text { CCA - } & \text { CAA Gin (Q) } & \text { CGA - } \
&\text { CUG }- & \text { CCG }- & \text { CAG }- & \text { CGG }- \
\hline &\text { AUU Ile (I) } & \text { ACU Thr (T) } & \text { AAU Asn (N) } & \text { AGU Ser (S) } \
&\text { AUC - } & \text { ACC - } & \text { AAC - } & \text { AGC - } \
 \text { A}&\text { AUA - } & \text { ACA - } & \text { AAA Lys (K) } & \text { AGA Arg (R) } \
&\text { AUG Met (M) } & \text { ACG - } & \text { AAG - } & \text { AGG - } \
\hline &\text { GUU Val (V) } & \text { GCU Ala (A) } & \text { GAU Asp (D) } & \text { GGU Gly (G) } \
&\text { GUC - } & \text { GCC - } & \text { GAC - } & \text { GGC - } \
 \text { G}&\text { GUA - } & \text { GCA - } & \text { GAA Glu (E) } & \text { GGA - } \
&\text { GUG - } & \text { GCG - } & \text { GAG - } & \text { GGG - } \
\hline
\end{array}\) Table 9-14

Accepted Answer

A) A mutation that deletes 50% of a pseudogene. 
B) A mutation that changes the CCC codon to the CCT codon in a protein-coding gene. 
C) A mutation that changes the TCC codon to the AGT codon in a protein-coding gene. 
D) A mutation that changes the TAT codon to the TAG codon in a protein-coding gene. 
A) A mutation that deletes 50% of a pseudogene. 
B) A mutation that changes the CCC codon to the CCT codon in a protein-coding gene. 
C) A mutation that changes the TCC codon to the AGT codon in a protein-coding gene. 
D) A mutation that changes the TAT codon to the TAG codon in a protein-coding gene.

Question 7

Figure 9-12 shows the evolutionary history of the globin gene family members.   Figure 9-12
Given this information, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) The ancestral globin gene arose 500 million years ago. 
B) The α-globin gene is more closely related to the ε-globin gene than to the δ-globin gene. 
C) The nucleotide sequences of the two γ-globins will be most similar because they are the closest together on the chromosome. 
D) The fetal β-globins arose from a gene duplication that occurred 200 million years ago, which gave rise to a β-globin expressed in the fetus and a β-globin expressed in the adult. 
A) The ancestral globin gene arose 500 million years ago. 
B) The α-globin gene is more closely related to the ε-globin gene than to the δ-globin gene. 
C) The nucleotide sequences of the two γ-globins will be most similar because they are the closest together on the chromosome. 
D) The fetal β-globins arose from a gene duplication that occurred 200 million years ago, which gave rise to a β-globin expressed in the fetus and a β-globin expressed in the adult.

Question 8

Which of the following DNA sequences is NOT commonly carried on a DNA-only transposon?

Accepted Answer

A) transposase gene 
B) reverse transcriptase gene 
C) recognition site for transposase 
D) antibiotic-resistance gene 
A) transposase gene 
B) reverse transcriptase gene 
C) recognition site for transposase 
D) antibiotic-resistance gene

Question 9

Which of the following is true of a retrovirus, but NOT of the Alu retrotransposon?

Accepted Answer

A) It requires cellular enzymes to make copies. 
B) It can be inserted into the genome. 
C) It can be excised and moved to a new location in the genome. 
D) It encodes its own reverse transcriptase. 
A) It requires cellular enzymes to make copies. 
B) It can be inserted into the genome. 
C) It can be excised and moved to a new location in the genome. 
D) It encodes its own reverse transcriptase.

Question 10

The human genome has 3.2 × 109 nucleotide pairs.At its peak, the Human Genome Project was generating raw nucleotide sequences at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second.At the rate of 1000 nucleotides per second, how long would it take to generate 3.2 × 109 nucleotides of sequence?

Accepted Answer

It would take approximately 37

Question 11

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) A mutation that arises in a mother's somatic cell often causes a disease in her daughter. 
B) All mutations in an asexually reproducing single-celled organism are passed on to the progeny. 
C) In an evolutionary sense, somatic cells exist only to help propagate germ-line cells. 
D) A mutation is passed on to offspring only if it is present in the germ line. 
A) A mutation that arises in a mother's somatic cell often causes a disease in her daughter. 
B) All mutations in an asexually reproducing single-celled organism are passed on to the progeny. 
C) In an evolutionary sense, somatic cells exist only to help propagate germ-line cells. 
D) A mutation is passed on to offspring only if it is present in the germ line.

Question 12

Which of the following changes is least likely to arise from a point mutation in a regulatory region of a gene?

Accepted Answer

A) A mutation that changes the time in an organism's life during which a protein is expressed. 
B) A mutation that eliminates the production of a protein in a specific cell type. 
C) A mutation that changes the subcellular localization of a protein. 
D) A mutation that increases the level of protein production in a cell. 
A) A mutation that changes the time in an organism's life during which a protein is expressed. 
B) A mutation that eliminates the production of a protein in a specific cell type. 
C) A mutation that changes the subcellular localization of a protein. 
D) A mutation that increases the level of protein production in a cell.

Question 13

The genomes of some vertebrates are much smaller than those of others.For example, the genome of the pufferfish Fugu is much smaller than the human genome, and even much smaller than genomes of other fish, primarily because of the small size of its introns.
A.Describe a mechanism that might drive evolution toward small introns or loss of introns and could therefore account for the evolutionary loss of introns according to the "introns early" hypothesis.
B.Describe a mechanism that might drive evolution toward more or larger introns and could thereby account for the evolutionary appearance of introns according to the "introns late" hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A.Spontaneous deletions or selection pre

Question 14

Your friend works in a lab that is studying why a particular mutant strain of Drosophila grows an eye on its wing.Your friend discovers that this mutant strain of Drosophila is expressing a transcription factor incorrectly.In the mutant Drosophila, this transcription factor, which is normally expressed in the primordial eye tissue, is now misexpressed in the primordial wing tissue, thus turning on transcription of the set of genes required to produce an eye in the wing primordial tissue.If this hypothesis is true, which of the following types of genetic change would most likely lead to this situation?

Accepted Answer

A) A mutation within the transcription factor gene that leads to a premature stop codon after the third amino acid. 
B) A mutation within the transcription factor gene that leads to a substitution of a positively charged amino acid for a negatively charged amino acid. 
C) A mutation within an upstream enhancer of the gene. 
D) A mutation in the TATA box of the gene. 
A) A mutation within the transcription factor gene that leads to a premature stop codon after the third amino acid. 
B) A mutation within the transcription factor gene that leads to a substitution of a positively charged amino acid for a negatively charged amino acid. 
C) A mutation within an upstream enhancer of the gene. 
D) A mutation in the TATA box of the gene.

Question 15

You discover that the underlying cause of a disease is a protein that is now less stable than the non-disease-causing version of the protein.This change is most likely to be due to

Accepted Answer

A) a mutation within a gene. 
B) a mutation within the regulatory DNA of a gene. 
C) gene duplication. 
D) horizontal gene transfer. 
A) a mutation within a gene. 
B) a mutation within the regulatory DNA of a gene. 
C) gene duplication. 
D) horizontal gene transfer.

Question 16

An SNP found in the conserved sequence of the regulatory region of a gene is likely to

Accepted Answer

A) affect protein folding. 
B) affect when and where the gene is expressed. 
C) be a new mutation. 
D) be found in plants as well as humans. 
A) affect protein folding. 
B) affect when and where the gene is expressed. 
C) be a new mutation. 
D) be found in plants as well as humans.

Question 17

Viruses reproduce inside a host cell because

Accepted Answer

A) viruses package DNA from the host-cell genome into the virus particle. 
B) viruses need host-cell reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA. 
C) viruses use host-cell ribosomes to produce viral coat proteins. 
D) all viruses must insert their genomes into the host-cell genome in order to be replicated. 
A) viruses package DNA from the host-cell genome into the virus particle. 
B) viruses need host-cell reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA. 
C) viruses use host-cell ribosomes to produce viral coat proteins. 
D) all viruses must insert their genomes into the host-cell genome in order to be replicated.

Question 18

Match between columns
                        Premises: Most mutations and genome alterations have neutral consequences.

Proteins required for growth, metabolism, and cell division are more highly conserved than those involved in development and in response to the environment.

All highly conserved stretches of DNA in the genome are transcribed into RNA.

Introns and transposons tend to slow the evolution of new genes.

To find functionally important regions of the genome, it is more useful to compare species whose last common ancestor lived 100 million years ago rather than 5 million years ago.

Accepted Answer

The Answer of False and True is...

Question 19

For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below.Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.
$\begin{array}{lll}
0.5 & 1.5 & 3 \
4 & 9 & 23 \
30 & 50 & 75
\end{array}$
The human genome has ~3 × 10__________ nucleotide pairs that make up the sequence of __________ sets of chromosomes.We estimate that this sequence encodes approximately 1.9 × 10 __________ protein-coding genes and about 5 × 10__________ non-protein-coding genes, which include structural catalytic, and regulatory RNAs.Approximately __________% of the human genome is made up of high-copy repetitive elements, while the percentage of DNA sequence in protein-coding exons is __________%.

Accepted Answer

The human genome has ~3 × 10⁹ nucleotide

Question 20

What is the most likely explanation of why the overall mutation rates in bacteria and in humans are roughly similar?

Accepted Answer

A) Cell division needs to be fast. 
B) Most mutations are silent. 
C) There is a narrow range of mutation rates that offers an optimal balance between keeping the genome stable and generating sufficient diversity in a population. 
D) It benefits a multicellular organism to have some variability among its cells. 
A) Cell division needs to be fast. 
B) Most mutations are silent. 
C) There is a narrow range of mutation rates that offers an optimal balance between keeping the genome stable and generating sufficient diversity in a population. 
D) It benefits a multicellular organism to have some variability among its cells.

A finished draft of the human genome was published in

Which of the following statements about homologous genes is TRUE?

Figure 9-12 shows the evolutionary history of the globin gene family members. Figure 9-12 Given this information, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Which of the following DNA sequences is NOT commonly carried on a DNA-only transposon?

Which of the following is true of a retrovirus, but NOT of the Alu retrotransposon?

The human genome has 3.2 × 10⁹ nucleotide pairs.At its peak, the Human Genome Project was generating raw nucleotide sequences at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second.At the rate of 1000 nucleotides per second, how long would it take to generate 3.2 × 10⁹ nucleotides of sequence?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following changes is least likely to arise from a point mutation in a regulatory region of a gene?

You discover that the underlying cause of a disease is a protein that is now less stable than the non-disease-causing version of the protein.This change is most likely to be due to

An SNP found in the conserved sequence of the regulatory region of a gene is likely to

Viruses reproduce inside a host cell because

What is the most likely explanation of why the overall mutation rates in bacteria and in humans are roughly similar?

Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life

Chemical Components of Cells

Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis

Protein Structure and Function

DNA and Chromosomes

DNA Replication and Repair

From DNA to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Analyzing the Structure and Function of Genes

Membrane Structure

Transport Across Cell Membranes

How Cells Obtain Energy From Food

Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport

Cell Signaling

Cytoskeleton

The Cell-Division Cycle

Sexual Reproduction and the Power of Genetics

Cell Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Filters

Exam 9: How Genes and Genomes Evolve

A finished draft of the human genome was published in

Which of the following statements about homologous genes is TRUE?

Figure 9-12 shows the evolutionary history of the globin gene family members. Figure 9-12 Given this information, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Which of the following DNA sequences is NOT commonly carried on a DNA-only transposon?

Which of the following is true of a retrovirus, but NOT of the Alu retrotransposon?

The human genome has 3.2 × 109 nucleotide pairs.At its peak, the Human Genome Project was generating raw nucleotide sequences at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second.At the rate of 1000 nucleotides per second, how long would it take to generate 3.2 × 109 nucleotides of sequence?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following changes is least likely to arise from a point mutation in a regulatory region of a gene?

You discover that the underlying cause of a disease is a protein that is now less stable than the non-disease-causing version of the protein.This change is most likely to be due to

An SNP found in the conserved sequence of the regulatory region of a gene is likely to

Viruses reproduce inside a host cell because

What is the most likely explanation of why the overall mutation rates in bacteria and in humans are roughly similar?

Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life

Chemical Components of Cells

Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis

Protein Structure and Function

DNA and Chromosomes

DNA Replication and Repair

From DNA to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Analyzing the Structure and Function of Genes

Membrane Structure

Transport Across Cell Membranes

How Cells Obtain Energy From Food

Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport

Cell Signaling

Cytoskeleton

The Cell-Division Cycle

Sexual Reproduction and the Power of Genetics

Cell Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Filters

The human genome has 3.2 × 10⁹ nucleotide pairs.At its peak, the Human Genome Project was generating raw nucleotide sequences at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second.At the rate of 1000 nucleotides per second, how long would it take to generate 3.2 × 10⁹ nucleotides of sequence?