Question 1

Spiraling length of nutrients in streams can be calculated as S = VT.In this equation,

Accepted Answer

A) V represents nutrient concentration,and T represents water temperature. 
B) V represents the speed of water flow,and T represents water temperature. 
C) V represents the speed of water flow,and T represents the time required for nutrients to cycle. 
D) V represents nutrient retentiveness,and T represents the time required for nutrients to cycle. 
E) V represents nutrient retentiveness,and T represents species diversity. 
A) V represents nutrient concentration,and T represents water temperature. 
B) V represents the speed of water flow,and T represents water temperature. 
C) V represents the speed of water flow,and T represents the time required for nutrients to cycle. 
D) V represents nutrient retentiveness,and T represents the time required for nutrients to cycle. 
E) V represents nutrient retentiveness,and T represents species diversity. C

Question 2

A major perturbation of the carbon cycle by human activity is associated with

Accepted Answer

A) release of carbon from carbonate rocks. 
B) release of carbon from fossil fuel deposits. 
C) removal of carbon from the atmosphere in the industrial production of fertilizers. 
D) accelerated removal of carbon from the atmosphere by forests. 
E) respiratory production of CO2 by the large human population. 
A) release of carbon from carbonate rocks. 
B) release of carbon from fossil fuel deposits. 
C) removal of carbon from the atmosphere in the industrial production of fertilizers. 
D) accelerated removal of carbon from the atmosphere by forests. 
E) respiratory production of CO2 by the large human population. B

Question 3

In stream ecosystems,nutrient retentiveness is

Accepted Answer

A) not related to spiraling length. 
B) positively related to spiraling length. 
C) inversely related to spiraling length. 
D) a logarithmic function of spiraling length. 
E) a power function of spiraling length. 
A) not related to spiraling length. 
B) positively related to spiraling length. 
C) inversely related to spiraling length. 
D) a logarithmic function of spiraling length. 
E) a power function of spiraling length. C

Question 4

Nitrogen export was greatest in streams draining watersheds from

Accepted Answer

A) forested areas. 
B) agricultural areas. 
C) suburban areas. 
D) urban areas. 
E) Nitrogen export was similar in streams from forested,agricultural,suburban,and urban areas. 
A) forested areas. 
B) agricultural areas. 
C) suburban areas. 
D) urban areas. 
E) Nitrogen export was similar in streams from forested,agricultural,suburban,and urban areas.

Question 5

_____________ is the movement of nutrients between pools of an ecosystem and influences the distribution of nutrients.

Accepted Answer

A) Nutrient shedding 
B) Nutrient cruising 
C) Nutrient source 
D) Nutrient sink 
E) Nutrient flux 
A) Nutrient shedding 
B) Nutrient cruising 
C) Nutrient source 
D) Nutrient sink 
E) Nutrient flux

Question 6

Pocket gophers change the nitrogen cycle in prairies because they

Accepted Answer

A) excavate nitrogen-rich subsoil to the surface. 
B) selectively remove nitrogen-fixing legumes from plant communities. 
C) bury nitrogen-rich organic material in their burrows. 
D) cultivate nitrogen-fixing bacteria in burrow chambers. 
E) excavate nitrogen-poor subsoil to the surface. 
A) excavate nitrogen-rich subsoil to the surface. 
B) selectively remove nitrogen-fixing legumes from plant communities. 
C) bury nitrogen-rich organic material in their burrows. 
D) cultivate nitrogen-fixing bacteria in burrow chambers. 
E) excavate nitrogen-poor subsoil to the surface.

Question 7

Nitrate is converted to molecular nitrogen,N2,in a process called

Accepted Answer

A) nitrogen fixation. 
B) ammonification. 
C) denitrification. 
D) nitrification. 
E) nitrogen assimilation. 
A) nitrogen fixation. 
B) ammonification. 
C) denitrification. 
D) nitrification. 
E) nitrogen assimilation.

Question 8

Streams with higher densities of stream invertebrates would be expected to have shorter spiraling lengths.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the t-test?

Accepted Answer

A) Each sample is drawn from a population with a normal distribution. 
B) The two populations being compared have equal variances. 
C) The two populations being compared have equal means. 
D) All of each sample is drawn from a population with a normal distribution,the two populations being compared have equal variances,and the two populations being compared have equal means are assumptions. 
E) None of each sample is drawn from a population with a normal distribution,the two populations being compared have equal variances,and the two populations being compared have equal means are assumptions. 
A) Each sample is drawn from a population with a normal distribution. 
B) The two populations being compared have equal variances. 
C) The two populations being compared have equal means. 
D) All of each sample is drawn from a population with a normal distribution,the two populations being compared have equal variances,and the two populations being compared have equal means are assumptions. 
E) None of each sample is drawn from a population with a normal distribution,the two populations being compared have equal variances,and the two populations being compared have equal means are assumptions.

Question 10

The major pool of nitrogen in the atmosphere is the direct source of nitrogen for most organisms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

In a normal distribution,_____ of the observations fall within one standard deviation of the mean.

Accepted Answer

A) 31.7% 
B) 68.3% 
C) 95.5% 
D) 98.3% 
E) 99.7% 
A) 31.7% 
B) 68.3% 
C) 95.5% 
D) 98.3% 
E) 99.7%

Question 12

Nitrogen enrichment of ecosystems by human activity is largely driven by

Accepted Answer

A) addition of nitrogen fertilizers. 
B) nitrogen pollution from burning of fossil fuels. 
C) nitrogen fixation by bacteria in landfills. 
D) Both addition of nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen pollution from burning of fossil fuels. 
E) Both addition of nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen fixation by bacteria in landfills. 
A) addition of nitrogen fertilizers. 
B) nitrogen pollution from burning of fossil fuels. 
C) nitrogen fixation by bacteria in landfills. 
D) Both addition of nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen pollution from burning of fossil fuels. 
E) Both addition of nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen fixation by bacteria in landfills.

Question 13

The rate of decomposition of leaf litter in woodlands can be strongly influenced by

Accepted Answer

A) moisture. 
B) nitrogen content. 
C) leaf toughness. 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) None of the choices are correct. 
A) moisture. 
B) nitrogen content. 
C) leaf toughness. 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Vanni and colleagues found a positive correlation between the N:P ratios of fish and amphibians and their N:P excretion ratios in a tropical stream in Venezuela.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Nitrogen fixation is an energy-demanding process because of the strong _____ bond between the two nitrogen atoms in the N2 molecule.

Accepted Answer

A) single covalent 
B) double covalent 
C) triple covalent 
D) ionic 
E) hydrogen 
A) single covalent 
B) double covalent 
C) triple covalent 
D) ionic 
E) hydrogen

Question 16

The process of denitrification is

Accepted Answer

A) energy-yielding and aerobic. 
B) energy-releasing and aerobic. 
C) energy-yielding and anaerobic. 
D) energy-releasing and anaerobic. 
E) energy-neutral and anaerobic. 
A) energy-yielding and aerobic. 
B) energy-releasing and aerobic. 
C) energy-yielding and anaerobic. 
D) energy-releasing and anaerobic. 
E) energy-neutral and anaerobic.

Question 17

A normal distribution is assumed for which of the following statistical tests?

Accepted Answer

A) Student's t-test 
B) 95% confidence intervals 
C) regression analysis 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) both Student's t-test and 95% confidence intervals 
A) Student's t-test 
B) 95% confidence intervals 
C) regression analysis 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) both Student's t-test and 95% confidence intervals

Question 18

In Judy Meyer and Gene Likens' study of phosphorus in Bear Brook,

Accepted Answer

A) most phosphorus inputs occurred during spring snowmelt. 
B) phosphorus inputs were nearly constant over the year. 
C) most phosphorus losses occurred during autumn leaf fall. 
D) most phosphorus losses occurred during storms and snowmelt. 
E) phosphorus losses were nearly constant over the year. 
A) most phosphorus inputs occurred during spring snowmelt. 
B) phosphorus inputs were nearly constant over the year. 
C) most phosphorus losses occurred during autumn leaf fall. 
D) most phosphorus losses occurred during storms and snowmelt. 
E) phosphorus losses were nearly constant over the year.

Question 19

The release of ammonium (NH4+)from decaying organic material is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

Question 20

In aquatic ecosystems,leaves with high lignin content decompose

Accepted Answer

A) rapidly because lignin is a nutrient-rich compound. 
B) rapidly because lignin enhances colonization by decomposing fungi. 
C) slowly because lignin reduces colonization by decomposing fungi. 
D) slowly because lignin is a carbon-poor compound. 
E) slowly because lignin-containing leaves sink rapidly. 
A) rapidly because lignin is a nutrient-rich compound. 
B) rapidly because lignin enhances colonization by decomposing fungi. 
C) slowly because lignin reduces colonization by decomposing fungi. 
D) slowly because lignin is a carbon-poor compound. 
E) slowly because lignin-containing leaves sink rapidly.

Exam 19: Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Spiraling length of nutrients in streams can be calculated as S = VT.In this equation,

A major perturbation of the carbon cycle by human activity is associated with

In stream ecosystems,nutrient retentiveness is

Nitrogen export was greatest in streams draining watersheds from

_____________ is the movement of nutrients between pools of an ecosystem and influences the distribution of nutrients.

Pocket gophers change the nitrogen cycle in prairies because they

Nitrate is converted to molecular nitrogen,N2,in a process called

Streams with higher densities of stream invertebrates would be expected to have shorter spiraling lengths.

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the t-test?

The major pool of nitrogen in the atmosphere is the direct source of nitrogen for most organisms.

In a normal distribution,_____ of the observations fall within one standard deviation of the mean.

Nitrogen enrichment of ecosystems by human activity is largely driven by

The rate of decomposition of leaf litter in woodlands can be strongly influenced by

Vanni and colleagues found a positive correlation between the N:P ratios of fish and amphibians and their N:P excretion ratios in a tropical stream in Venezuela.

Nitrogen fixation is an energy-demanding process because of the strong _____ bond between the two nitrogen atoms in the N2 molecule.

The process of denitrification is

A normal distribution is assumed for which of the following statistical tests?

In Judy Meyer and Gene Likens' study of phosphorus in Bear Brook,

The release of ammonium (NH4+)from decaying organic material is called ____________.

In aquatic ecosystems,leaves with high lignin content decompose

Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Social Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions: Predation, herbivory, parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Succession and Stability

Landscape Ecology

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

Filters

Nitrate is converted to molecular nitrogen,N₂,in a process called

Nitrogen fixation is an energy-demanding process because of the strong _____ bond between the two nitrogen atoms in the N₂ molecule.

The release of ammonium (NH₄⁺)from decaying organic material is called ____________.