Exam 7: Tests of Significance and Measures of Association

A ______ helps researchers decide whether an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable really exists in the population or whether it could have happened by chance when the sample was drawn.

The $\chi$ ² test returns a critical value that allows a researcher to determine the upper plausible boundary of random error that defines the limit of the null hypothesis.

The symbol H₀ represents the ______.

Somers' d_yx is used to measure the strength of the association between two ______-level variables.

An asymmetric measure of association does not take into consideration which variable is being used to predict the other.

Which of the following tests is based on the confidence interval approach?

To determine the degrees of freedom when using the $\chi$ ² test, we subtract the number of rows from the number of columns.

A symmetric measure of association treats the independent variable as the causal variable and the dependent variable as the effect.

A researcher studying partisanship and the likelihood of being a protester concludes there is no difference between Democrats and Republicans when, in fact, there is, has committed a ______.

Most political research begins by using the .10 level of significance to decide whether to reject a null hypothesis.

A PRE measure of association tells a researcher ______.

A pair of cell values with a negative relationship are referred to as a(n) ______ pair.

Which of the following pair of variables would allow us to compare two sample means?

The $\chi$ ² test is the oldest statistical test still in use and takes into account tabular data.

Measures of association allow a researcher to determine ______.

The ______ is stated to remind us that the observed results of a sample could be the result of random error.

The $\chi$ ² test of significance is used when both the independent variable and the dependent variable are measured ______.

In statistical notation $\chi$ ² refers to ______.

A researcher studying the ratings of men and women toward the Democratic Party hypothesizes that women will give Democrats a higher rating than will men. The female mean rating is 52.5 with a standard error of 1.2 points. The male mean rating is 47.1 with a standard error of 1.6 points. Should the researcher reject the null hypothesis?

Chi-square works by comparing the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies.