Exam 5: Learning

Some people learn fears through classical conditioning.

Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also, discuss what effects it has on people and animals once it is established.

Mary Cover Jones conditioned Peter to accept an animal he had previously feared by pairing the animal with the presentation of ______.

Vicarious learning is another term for ________.

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as backward conditioning.

Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by ________.

Punishment is the same as negative reinforcement.

The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called a ________.

Social learning theory stresses that people can reward or punish themselves.

Classical conditioning can also occur in humans. Often advertisers use comedy in a commercial to evoke a positive emotion, then flash the company's logo at a consumer. With repeated pairings, the logo creates a positive emotion. In this situation, the comedy creating the positive emotion is the _________.

In terms of superstitious behavior, which of the following is true?

The use of intermittent pairing ________ the rate of learning while it ________ the final strength of the learned response.

A dog, taught to salivate to the sound of a buzzer, learned that the buzzer was no longer followed by food and stopped salivating to the buzzer. If the buzzer was again sounded after a few weeks, and the dog was in the same environment, the dog would probably ________.

The process by which some stimuli, such as snakes, are readily conditioned for fear responses in humans is called ________.

Learning is a process by which experience results in ________.

________ reinforcers result in the learning of new behaviors or the strengthening of existing ones.

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as ________ conditioning.

In classical conditioning, intermittent pairing reduces both the rate of learning and the final level of learning achieved.

A reinforcer can be anything that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of the response being repeated.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the ________.