Exam 13: The Chemical Senses:

When TV chef Ina Garten prepares a party dip she often places a few solid pieces of the main ingredient (onion,bacon,etc. )on top of the dip when it is served.What makes this such an ef- fective presentation?

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Question 1

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Firstly,a dip is usually an undistinguished mass,so placing some onion or bacon on top simply makes for a more attractive presentation,adding to the visual appeal,and hence,flavor of the dish.Secondly,processing of ingredients in a dip will often make them visually unidentifiable.As has been shown,however,without cues,odor recognition is very difficult.By placing the main ingredient in view,the diner knows what they are eating and smelling,which should im- prove the dining experience.

If an organism only had three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs),how many different odors could it distinguish? (Assume each ORN can have only one level of activation;either it is active or inactive).

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The olfactory code for any particular odor could involve any or all the ORN types.If we label the three ORN types as A,B,and C,the odors that can be distinguished could be coded by the following six possible patterns of activity: A,B,C,AB,AC,BC,and ABC.

______________ tastants bind to the T1R1-T1R3 receptor pair.

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______________ occurs when there is reduced sensitivity to odorants to which the person has been continually or repeatedly exposed.

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Question 4

Murray is waiting in the bagel shop for his friend Ben.The air is already filled with the aroma of fresh-baked sesame,garlic,and cinnamon raisin bagels.After ten minutes Ben arrives,just as a fresh batch of onion bagels comes out of the oven.Explain whether Murray or Ben will more easily be able to detect the odor of the onion bagels.

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Question 5

From an evolutionary perspective,why should the amygdala,hypothalamus,and orbitofrontal cortex all be so tightly integrated into both the olfactory and gustatory systems?

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Question 6

______________ papillae are the fewest in number,with only 8-12 found at the back of the tongue.

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Question 7

______________ papillae are tiny mushroom-like structures found on the front two-thirds of the tongue.

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Question 8

______________ occurs when there is reduced sensitivity to odorants that are chemically similar to odorants to which the person has been repeatedly exposed.

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Question 9

Describe the typical procedure used to measure the detection threshold for an odor.How is the detection threshold ultimately defined?

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Question 10

The primary olfactory cortex is considered to be the

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Question 11

Each taste bud contains about taste receptor cells (TRCs).

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Question 12

Since the olfactory pathway from the receptors to the cortex does not go through the thalamus,it suggests that

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Question 13

The model of taste perception proposes that each cranial nerve fiber carries signals from multiple taste receptor types.

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Question 14

Miller and Maner (2010)had male college students smell T-shirts worn by women as they slept.Some of the shirts had been worn by the women on the nights closest to ovulation,some on the nights farthest from ovulation,and some had never been worn.The men were asked to rate the pleasantness of the odors of the T-shirts;the results showed that

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Question 15

How are supertasters different from nontasters? Explain which you would prefer to be.

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Question 16

Humans have about different types of ORNs.

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Question 17

People who possess the PAV version of the T2R38 receptor detect the bitterness of pro- pylthiouracil (PROP)at concentrations.

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Question 18

The transduce tastants into neural signals.

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Question 19

When Howard et al.(2009)used fMRI to measure activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)to odorants with either minty,woody,or citrus qualities,the results showed that

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Question 20

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When TV chef Ina Garten prepares a party dip she often places a few solid pieces of the main ingredient (onion,bacon,etc. )on top of the dip when it is served.What makes this such an ef- fective presentation?

If an organism only had three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs),how many different odors could it distinguish? (Assume each ORN can have only one level of activation;either it is active or inactive).

______________ tastants bind to the T1R1-T1R3 receptor pair.

______________ occurs when there is reduced sensitivity to odorants to which the person has been continually or repeatedly exposed.

From an evolutionary perspective,why should the amygdala,hypothalamus,and orbitofrontal cortex all be so tightly integrated into both the olfactory and gustatory systems?

______________ papillae are the fewest in number,with only 8-12 found at the back of the tongue.

______________ papillae are tiny mushroom-like structures found on the front two-thirds of the tongue.

______________ occurs when there is reduced sensitivity to odorants that are chemically similar to odorants to which the person has been repeatedly exposed.

Describe the typical procedure used to measure the detection threshold for an odor.How is the detection threshold ultimately defined?

The primary olfactory cortex is considered to be the

Each taste bud contains about taste receptor cells (TRCs).

Since the olfactory pathway from the receptors to the cortex does not go through the thalamus,it suggests that

The model of taste perception proposes that each cranial nerve fiber carries signals from multiple taste receptor types.

How are supertasters different from nontasters? Explain which you would prefer to be.

Humans have about different types of ORNs.

People who possess the PAV version of the T2R38 receptor detect the bitterness of pro- pylthiouracil (PROP)at concentrations.

The transduce tastants into neural signals.

When Howard et al.(2009)used fMRI to measure activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)to odorants with either minty,woody,or citrus qualities,the results showed that

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Light and the Eyes

The Visual Brain

Recognizing Visual Objects

Perceiving Color

Perceiving Depth

Perceiving Motion and Perception for Action

Attention and Awareness

Sound and the Ears

The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory Scenes

Perceiving Speech and Music

The Body Senses

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