Question 1

RhoGAM is administered to pregnant RhD- women so as to _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) stimulate only anti-RhD IgM antibody 
B) cause selective removal of anti-RhD memory B cells from the maternal circulation 
C) inhibit a primary immune response to RhD antigen 
D) block transcytosis of IgG to fetal circulation by interfering with FcRn function 
E) prevent hemolytic anemia of the newborn 
A) stimulate only anti-RhD IgM antibody 
B) cause selective removal of anti-RhD memory B cells from the maternal circulation 
C) inhibit a primary immune response to RhD antigen 
D) block transcytosis of IgG to fetal circulation by interfering with FcRn function 
E) prevent hemolytic anemia of the newborn

Question 2

Which of the following are not a component of immunological memory?

Accepted Answer

A) effector B cells 
B) memory T cells 
C) memory B cells 
D) long-lived plasma cells. 
A) effector B cells 
B) memory T cells 
C) memory B cells 
D) long-lived plasma cells.

Question 3

Inactivation of viruses for vaccine use can be achieved by _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) irradiation 
B) heat treatment 
C) mutation 
D) neutralization 
E) formalin treatment. 
A) irradiation 
B) heat treatment 
C) mutation 
D) neutralization 
E) formalin treatment.

Question 4

A.Explain the challenges associated with generating effective vaccines against encapsulated bacteria.
B.How have these challenges been overcome?
C.Explain the cellular events required for the production of protective IgG antibodies against bacterial polysaccharide components and the development of memory.

Accepted Answer

A.Encapsulated bacteria possess a polysa

Question 5

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding memory B cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Memory B cells are maintained for life. 
B) In secondary responses,the number of pathogen-specific B cells is about 10-100-fold that seen in primary responses. 
C) The sensitivity of memory B cells is improved compared with naive B bells because affinity maturation has occurred. 
D) Memory B cells express lower levels of MHC class II and B7 than do naive B cells. 
E) Memory B cells differentiate into plasma cells more rapidly than do naive B cells. 
A) Memory B cells are maintained for life. 
B) In secondary responses,the number of pathogen-specific B cells is about 10-100-fold that seen in primary responses. 
C) The sensitivity of memory B cells is improved compared with naive B bells because affinity maturation has occurred. 
D) Memory B cells express lower levels of MHC class II and B7 than do naive B cells. 
E) Memory B cells differentiate into plasma cells more rapidly than do naive B cells.

Question 6

Differentiate between the following types of vaccine and give an example of each: (A)inactivated virus vaccines; (B)live-attenuated virus vaccines; (C)subunit vaccines; (D)toxoid vaccines; (E)conjugate vaccines; and (F)combination vaccines.

Accepted Answer

A.Inactivated virus vaccines are made of

Question 7

A.Explain the difference between the Rotarix and the RotaTeq vaccines used to protect against rotavirus infections.
B.Which vaccine provides broader protection?
C.Why is this important?

Accepted Answer

A.The Rotarix vaccine is a live-attenuat

Question 8

Tim Smith,aged 16 years,was hit by a car while riding his motorcycle.At the hospital he showed only minor abrasions and no bone fractures.He was discharged later that day.In the morning he experienced severe abdominal pain and returned to the hospital.Examination revealed tachycardia,low blood pressure,and a weak pulse.He received a blood transfusion without improvement.Laparoscopic surgery confirmed peritoneal hemorrhage due to a ruptured spleen.In addition to a splenectomy,which of the following treatments would be administered?

Accepted Answer

A) plasmapheresis to remove autoantibodies (antibodies generated against self constituents) 
B) regular intravenous injections of gamma globulin 
C) vaccination and regular boosters with capsular polysaccharides from pathogenic pneumococcal strains 
D) booster immunization with DTP (diphtheria toxoid,killed Bordetella pertussis,and tetanus toxoid) 
E) regular blood transfusions 
A) plasmapheresis to remove autoantibodies (antibodies generated against self constituents) 
B) regular intravenous injections of gamma globulin 
C) vaccination and regular boosters with capsular polysaccharides from pathogenic pneumococcal strains 
D) booster immunization with DTP (diphtheria toxoid,killed Bordetella pertussis,and tetanus toxoid) 
E) regular blood transfusions

Question 9

Explain why the DTP vaccine stimulates a much stronger protective immunity than does the DT vaccine.

Accepted Answer

The diphtheria (D)and tetanus (T)toxoids

Question 10

On an otherwise uneventful sunny Sunday afternoon,an extremist group enters your city in a large van and drives to the front entrance of the Convention Center where the annual flower show is taking place.The occupants unload large crates resembling flats of assorted flowers,and then drive off.Within minutes the crates explode,showering the visitors with an opaque powder.Medical teams are called to the scene to care for the injured,and CDC officials wearing level 4 containment suits arrive in a few hours to test the contents of the powder for human pathogens using multiplex PCR methodology (a rapid method for identifying pathogens by their DNA).Which of the following potential bioterrorism agents would pose the most serious threat to those exposed?

Accepted Answer

A) Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) 
B) Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin (diphtheria) 
C) Yersinia pestis (plague) 
D) variola major (smallpox) 
E) Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism). 
A) Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) 
B) Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin (diphtheria) 
C) Yersinia pestis (plague) 
D) variola major (smallpox) 
E) Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism).

Question 11

_____ accounts for the production of different isoforms of the CD45 protein observed in naive,effector,and memory T cells.

Accepted Answer

A) Isotype switching 
B) Affinity maturation 
C) Alternative splicing 
D) Somatic hypermutation 
E) Recirculation to peripheral tissues. 
A) Isotype switching 
B) Affinity maturation 
C) Alternative splicing 
D) Somatic hypermutation 
E) Recirculation to peripheral tissues.

Question 12

An example of a live-attenuated virus vaccine is _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) vaccinia 
B) Salk polio vaccine 
C) measles vaccine 
D) yellow fever vaccine 
E) rabies vaccine. 
A) vaccinia 
B) Salk polio vaccine 
C) measles vaccine 
D) yellow fever vaccine 
E) rabies vaccine.

Question 13

An adjuvant enhances the effectiveness of vaccines by inducing the expression of _____ on ________.

Accepted Answer

A) co-stimulatory molecules; dendritic cells 
B) CD28; macrophages 
C) MHC class II molecules; T cells 
D) T-cell receptor; T cells 
E) immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs; dendritic cells. 
A) co-stimulatory molecules; dendritic cells 
B) CD28; macrophages 
C) MHC class II molecules; T cells 
D) T-cell receptor; T cells 
E) immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs; dendritic cells.

Question 14

Bacterial vaccines differ from viral vaccines in that only in bacterial vaccines are _____ used.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) subunit components 
B) toxoids 
C) whole infectious components 
D) capsular polysaccharides 
E) capsule:carrier protein conjugates. 
A) subunit components 
B) toxoids 
C) whole infectious components 
D) capsular polysaccharides 
E) capsule:carrier protein conjugates.

Question 15

Identify three reasons why memory B cells respond more forcefully and effectively during secondary immune responses than naive B cells during primary immune responses.

Accepted Answer

(i)Memory B cells bearing pathogen-speci

Question 16

When a naive B cell binds to an IgG:antigen complex on its cell surface using FcγRIIB1,while simultaneously binding to the same antigen using membrane-bound IgM,_____.

Accepted Answer

A) the IgG:antigen complex is endocytosed 
B) the B cell becomes anergic 
C) the B cell will switch isotype to IgG 
D) the B cell undergoes affinity maturation 
E) the B cell secretes large amounts of IgM before becoming a memory B cell. 
A) the IgG:antigen complex is endocytosed 
B) the B cell becomes anergic 
C) the B cell will switch isotype to IgG 
D) the B cell undergoes affinity maturation 
E) the B cell secretes large amounts of IgM before becoming a memory B cell.

Question 17

The production of CD45RO results from the removal of _____ during _____ processing.

Accepted Answer

A) domain A; post-translational 
B) domain A; post-transcriptional 
C) exons A,B,and C; post-translational 
D) exons A,B,and C; post-transcriptional 
E) exon A; post-transcriptional. 
A) domain A; post-translational 
B) domain A; post-transcriptional 
C) exons A,B,and C; post-translational 
D) exons A,B,and C; post-transcriptional 
E) exon A; post-transcriptional.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) hepatitis B vaccine 
B) Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)vaccine 
C) trivalent oral polio vaccine 
D) influenza vaccine 
E) Bexsero 
A) hepatitis B vaccine 
B) Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)vaccine 
C) trivalent oral polio vaccine 
D) influenza vaccine 
E) Bexsero

Question 19

Approximately one-quarter of individuals infected with hepatitis C _____.

Accepted Answer

A) develop a chronic infection of hepatocytes 
B) are at risk of developing liver cancer 
C) experience episodes of liver destruction and regeneration 
D) require a liver transplant 
E) mount an effective immune response and eradicate the virus. 
A) develop a chronic infection of hepatocytes 
B) are at risk of developing liver cancer 
C) experience episodes of liver destruction and regeneration 
D) require a liver transplant 
E) mount an effective immune response and eradicate the virus.

Question 20

By which process are fetal erythrocytes destroyed in hemolytic anemia of the newborn?

Accepted Answer

A) lysis of erythrocytes by cytotoxic T cells 
B) lysis of erythrocytes by complement activation 
C) clearance of antibody-coated erythrocytes by macrophages in the fetal spleen 
D) lysis of erythrocytes by NK cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 
E) cytotoxicity caused by major basic protein released from eosinophils. 
A) lysis of erythrocytes by cytotoxic T cells 
B) lysis of erythrocytes by complement activation 
C) clearance of antibody-coated erythrocytes by macrophages in the fetal spleen 
D) lysis of erythrocytes by NK cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 
E) cytotoxicity caused by major basic protein released from eosinophils.

RhoGAM is administered to pregnant RhD^- women so as to _____.(Select all that apply.)

Which of the following are not a component of immunological memory?

Inactivation of viruses for vaccine use can be achieved by _____.(Select all that apply.)

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding memory B cells?

Differentiate between the following types of vaccine and give an example of each: (A)inactivated virus vaccines; (B)live-attenuated virus vaccines; (C)subunit vaccines; (D)toxoid vaccines; (E)conjugate vaccines; and (F)combination vaccines.

A.Explain the difference between the Rotarix and the RotaTeq vaccines used to protect against rotavirus infections. B.Which vaccine provides broader protection? C.Why is this important?

Explain why the DTP vaccine stimulates a much stronger protective immunity than does the DT vaccine.

_____ accounts for the production of different isoforms of the CD45 protein observed in naive,effector,and memory T cells.

An example of a live-attenuated virus vaccine is _____.(Select all that apply.)

An adjuvant enhances the effectiveness of vaccines by inducing the expression of _ on ____.

Bacterial vaccines differ from viral vaccines in that only in bacterial vaccines are _____ used.(Select all that apply.)

Identify three reasons why memory B cells respond more forcefully and effectively during secondary immune responses than naive B cells during primary immune responses.

When a naive B cell binds to an IgG:antigen complex on its cell surface using FcγRIIB1,while simultaneously binding to the same antigen using membrane-bound IgM,_____.

The production of CD45RO results from the removal of _ during _ processing.

Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine? (Select all that apply.)

Approximately one-quarter of individuals infected with hepatitis C _____.

By which process are fetal erythrocytes destroyed in hemolytic anemia of the newborn?

Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection

Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes

The Development of B Lymphocytes

The Development of T Lymphocytes

T Cell-Mediated Immunity

Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies

Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces

Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Failures of the Bodys Defenses

Ige-Mediated Immunity and Allergy

Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response

Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System

Filters

Exam 11: Immunological Memory and Vaccination

RhoGAM is administered to pregnant RhD- women so as to _____.(Select all that apply.)

Which of the following are not a component of immunological memory?

Inactivation of viruses for vaccine use can be achieved by _____.(Select all that apply.)

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding memory B cells?

Differentiate between the following types of vaccine and give an example of each: (A)inactivated virus vaccines; (B)live-attenuated virus vaccines; (C)subunit vaccines; (D)toxoid vaccines; (E)conjugate vaccines; and (F)combination vaccines.

A.Explain the difference between the Rotarix and the RotaTeq vaccines used to protect against rotavirus infections. B.Which vaccine provides broader protection? C.Why is this important?

Explain why the DTP vaccine stimulates a much stronger protective immunity than does the DT vaccine.

_____ accounts for the production of different isoforms of the CD45 protein observed in naive,effector,and memory T cells.

An example of a live-attenuated virus vaccine is _____.(Select all that apply.)

An adjuvant enhances the effectiveness of vaccines by inducing the expression of _____ on ________.

Bacterial vaccines differ from viral vaccines in that only in bacterial vaccines are _____ used.(Select all that apply.)

Identify three reasons why memory B cells respond more forcefully and effectively during secondary immune responses than naive B cells during primary immune responses.

When a naive B cell binds to an IgG:antigen complex on its cell surface using FcγRIIB1,while simultaneously binding to the same antigen using membrane-bound IgM,_____.

The production of CD45RO results from the removal of _____ during _____ processing.

Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine? (Select all that apply.)

Approximately one-quarter of individuals infected with hepatitis C _____.

By which process are fetal erythrocytes destroyed in hemolytic anemia of the newborn?

Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection

Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes

The Development of B Lymphocytes

The Development of T Lymphocytes

T Cell-Mediated Immunity

Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies

Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces

Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Failures of the Bodys Defenses

Ige-Mediated Immunity and Allergy

Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response

Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System

Filters

RhoGAM is administered to pregnant RhD^- women so as to _____.(Select all that apply.)

An adjuvant enhances the effectiveness of vaccines by inducing the expression of _ on ____.

The production of CD45RO results from the removal of _ during _ processing.