Spinach Chloroplasts Are Illuminated in the Absence of ADP and P_i

Spinach chloroplasts are illuminated in the absence of ADP and P_i, then the light is turned off and ADP and P_i are added. ATP is then synthesized for a short time in the dark. Which of the following best explains this?
I.
ATP is generated from the proton gradient accumulated in the light reactions.
II.
ATP synthesis stops after the proton gradient dissipates.
III.
ATP can be generated in the dark reactions if it becomes necessary for the plant to survive.

A) I, III
B) I only
C) II only
D) I, II
E) II, III

Correct Answer:

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