In the Empirical Research on Earnings Manipulation Discussed in the Chapter

In the empirical research on earnings manipulation discussed in the chapter a number of firm characteristics are found to be associated with the likelihood of engaging in earnings manipulation. For each of the characteristics listed below discuss the rationale for their inclusion in the model:
$\begin{array}{lr}\text {Gross Margin Index }\quad\quad\quad&a.\\\text {Asset Quality Index }&b.\\\text {Sales Growth Index }&c.\\\text {Depreciation Index }&d.\\\text {Leverage Index }&e.\\\end{array}$

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