A Study by Gardner Compared Participants Who Were Fully Informed

A study by Gardner compared participants who were fully informed ahead of time about the predicted effects of noise on stress with others who were not informed. What were the results?

A) fully informed subjects were more adversely affected by the noise than uninformed subjects
B) uninformed participants were more adversely affected by the noise than those fully informed
C) there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is not needed for that type of research
D) there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is needed for that type of research

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