A Politician Campaigns on a Platform of Eliminating Welfare Benefits

A politician campaigns on a platform of eliminating welfare benefits. One ad used by politician says: "Receipt of welfare benefits leads to poor school performance: People who receive welfare benefits have, on average, lower grades than people who do not receive welfare benefits." Construct an argument to challenge this causal reasoning. First, give three examples that drive home the point that association does not establish causation. Then, construct a plausible alterative explanation for low grades that does not involve an effect of welfare benefits on grades, but which does allow for their association.

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The first criterion for establishing a c...

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