Scratching or Chipping the Seed Coat (Scarification)of Certain Seeds (Like $\alpha$

Scratching or chipping the seed coat (scarification) of certain seeds (like alfalfa) may speed up germination of hard coated seeds because it allows

A) The mechanical stress activates enzymes.
B) Water and oxygen can enter the seed to reach the embryo more quickly.
C) Carbon dioxide can enter the seed and stimulate photosynthesis to start.
D) Bacteria or fungi can enter the seed and trigger hormones.
E) Damage to the seed coat releases $\alpha$ -amylases into the endosperm.

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