Review the Abstract Information Provided Below to Determine Which Qualitative

Review the abstract information provided below to determine which qualitative approach is being used in each study. Abstract #1
This study outlines a brief history of men as nurses in the United Kingdom.It uses a variety of historical sources-primary archival,oral history,and secondary sources- to retell the history of nursing with emphasis on the frequently neglected place of men within it.History appears to indicate that men have had a place in nursing for as long as records are available,but their contribution has been perceived as negligible,largely because of the dominant influence that the nineteenth-century female nursing movement has had on the occupation's historical ideology.The study indicates that men have an equally valid historical role within nursing and that this should be acknowledged when considering male nurses' position within the nursing profession.
Abstract #2
The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of nurses' use of humour in their nursing practice.Twenty-one registered nurses enrolled in a graduate nursing program described in detail their experiences using humour in providing nursing care.The twenty-one written descriptions were analyzed using Colaizzi's method.Five themes emerged in which humour was found to (a) help nurses deal effectively with difficult situations and difficult patients,(b) create a sense of cohesiveness between nurses and their patients and also among the nurses themselves,(c) be an effective therapeutic communication technique that helped to decrease patients' anxiety,depression,and embarrassment,(d) be planned and routine or be unexpected and spontaneous,and (e) create lasting effects beyond the immediate moment for both nurses and patients.
Abstract #3
To a) explore young people's experiences of school and drug use,b) generate hypotheses regarding the pathways through which schools may influence students' drug use,and c) examine how these may vary according to students' sociodemographic characteristics,qualitative data were collected through semistructured interviews with 30 students (aged 14 to 15) and ten teachers in two case study schools.Students were purposively sampled to encompass variations in socioeconomic status,gender,ethnicity,and school engagement.Techniques associated with thematic content analysis were used to analyze the data and generate hypotheses.

A) Abstract #1 = Ethnographic method, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Historical
B) Abstract #1 = Historical, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Case study
C) Abstract #1 = Case study, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Historical
D) Abstract #1 = Historical, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Ethnographic method

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