Minimally Invasive Surgeries Continue to Increase in Popularity

Minimally invasive surgeries continue to increase in popularity.It seems logical that older patients would benefit from smaller incisions that produce less postoperative pain,atelectasis,and ileus.However,regardless of age,every surgical procedure possesses a certain amount of risk.Which minimally invasive surgical component can present hemodynamic and pulmonary consequences in patients with severe cardiac or pulmonary disease?

A) Robotic-assisted pelvic approach
B) CO₂ pneumoperitoneum
C) Ultrasonic dissection
D) Radiofrequency ablation

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