Karen Allen Had Female Students Attempt to Solve Relatively Difficult

Karen Allen had female students attempt to solve relatively difficult math problems.Some of the participants had their dog with them while they worked on the problems, while others had a close friend with them.The researchers measured each participant's stress-related arousal.In this study, the independent variable was:

A) the difficulty of the math problems
B) the amount of stress-related arousal that the participants displayed
C) the length of time it took to solve the problems that were presented
D) who was present while the individual worked on the problems, their dog or a close friend

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