What Is the Major Characteristic of a Retrospective,or Ex Post

What is the major characteristic of a retrospective,or ex post facto,study?

A) Obtaining informed consent is not an important issue in a retrospective study.
B) Maximal opportunity to manipulate the independent variable exists in a retrospective study.
C) In a retrospective study, the dependent variable is measured multiple times to examine the effect of maturation.
D) The dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable in a retrospective study.

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