Leo Panitch and Donald Swartz Use the Phrase Permanent Exceptionalism

Leo Panitch and Donald Swartz use the phrase permanent exceptionalism to describe which of the following labour relations trends in Canada?

A) The shift from craft unions to industrial unions.
B) The Canadianization of formerly international unions.
C) Attempts to introduce "right-to-work" laws in Canada.
D) Repeated government intervention in collective bargaining over the past few decades.

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