Why Were the First Retailer Cooperatives and Voluntary Chains Initiated

Why were the first retailer cooperatives and voluntary chains initiated?

A) to enable independents to improve the level of cooperation, which is sometimes called collusion, among individual stores
B) to counter the financial disaster of the Great Depression
C) in response to federal antitrust legislation
D) to enable independents to compete against corporate chains
E) to allow the stores access to shopping center locations

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