An Instrumentation Effect Occurs When

An instrumentation effect occurs when

A) the instrument employed for the pretest has an effect that shows up on the posttest.
B) the measurement instrument is changed from the pretest to the posttest.
C) there is a change on the dependent variable from the pretest score to the posttest score.
D) there is a change on the independent variable from the pretest score to the posttest score.
E) the instrument was not an appropriate one.

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