In Which Way Is the Independent Variable Handled Differently in a Study

In which way is the independent variable handled differently in a study with a true experimental design compared with a study with a quasi-experimental design?

A) An experimental design requires an independent variable, whereas a quasi-experimental design neither identifies nor requires an independent variable.
B) Although both designs identify an independent variable, the nature of the groups (randomized versus nonrandomized) means that manipulation may result in different results.
C) Experimental designs demonstrate that the independent variable is related to the outcome, and quasi-experimental studies allow for independent variables that stand alone.
D) Although both designs identify an independent variable, experimental designs identify it before the research is initiated, whereas quasi-experimental designs identify it after the data are analyzed.

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